Seminars in Oncology
Volume 30, Issue 2 , Pages 136-141 , April 2003

Origins of the malignant clone in typical Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia

References 

  1. In:  Jaffe ES,  Harris NL,  Stein H, et al. editor. WHO Classification of Tumours. Lyon, France: , IARC Press; 2001; Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues
  2. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, et al.  A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: A proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood. 1994;84:1361–1392
  3. Morel P, Monconduit M, Jacomy P, et al.  Prognostic factors in Waldenstrom macroglobulinelia: A report on 232 patients with the description of a new scoring system and its validation on 253 other patients. Blood. 2000;96:852–858
  4. Owen RG, Johnson SA, Morgan GJ. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia: Laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Hematol Oncol. 2000;18:41–49
  5. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1999;13:1181–1202
  6. Berek C. The development of B cells and the B-cell repertoire in the microenvironment of the germinal center. Immunol Rev. 1992;126:5–19
  7. MacLennan IC. Germinal centers. Ann Rev Immunol. 1994;12:117–139
  8. Stevenson FK, Sahota SS, Ottensmeier CH, et al.  The occurrence and significance of V gene mutations in B cell-derived human malignancy. Adv Cancer Res. 2001;83:81–116
  9. Stavnezer J, Sirlin S, Abbott J. Induction of immunoglobulin isotype switching in cultured I.29 B lymphoma cells. Characterization of the accompanying rearrangements of heavy chain genes. J Exp Med. 1985;161:577–601
  10. Matsuoka M, Yoshida K, Maeda T, et al.  Switch circular DNA formed in cytokine-treated mouse splenocytes: Evidence for intramolecular DNA deletion in immunoglobulin class switching. Cell. 1990;62:135–142
  11. Fujieda S, Lin YQ, Saxon A, et al.  Multiple types of chimeric germ-line Ig heavy chain transcripts in human B cells: Evidence for trans-splicing of human Ig RNA. J Immunol. 1996;157:3450–3459
  12. Zan H, Cerutti A, Dramitinos P, et al.  Induction of Ig somatic hypermutation and class switching in a human monoclonal IgM+ IgD+ B cell line in vitro: Definition of the requirements and modalities of hypermutation. J Immunol. 1999;162:3437–3447
  13. Klein U, Kuppers R, Rajewsky K. Evidence for a large compartment of IgM-expressing memory B cells in humans. Blood. 1997;89:1288–1298
  14. Aoki H, Takishita M, Kosaka M, et al.  Frequent somatic mutations in D and/or JH segments of Ig gene in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with Richter's syndrome but not in common CLL. Blood. 1995;85:1913–1919
  15. Pascual V, Victor K, Lelsz D, et al.  Nucleotide sequence analysis of two IgM cold agglutinins. Evidence that the VH4-21 gene segment is responsible for the major cross-reactive idiotype. J Immunol. 1991;146:4385–4391
  16. Wagner SD, Martinelli V, Luzzato L. Similar patterns of Vκ gene usage but different degrees of somatic mutation in hairy cell leukemia, prolymphocytic leukemia, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, and myeloma. Blood. 1994;83:3647–3653
  17. Ciric B, VanKeulen V, Rodriguez M, et al.  Clonal evolution in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia highlights functional role of B-cell receptor. Blood. 2001;97:321–323
  18. Hawkins RE, Zhu D, Ovecka M, et al.  Idiotypic vaccination against human B-cell lymphoma. Rescue of variable region gene sequences from biopsy material for assembly as single-chain Fv personal vaccines. Blood. 1994;83:3279–3288
  19. Stevenson FK, Spellerberg MB, Treasure J, et al.  Differential usage of an Ig heavy chain variable region gene by human B-cell tumors. Blood. 1993;82:224–230
  20. Forconi F, King CA, Sahota SS, et al.  Insight into the potential for DNA idiotypic fusion vaccines designed for patients by analyzing xenogeneic anti-idiotypic antibody responses. Immunology. 2002;106:1–12
  21. Sahota SS, Forconi F, Ottensmeier CH, et al.  Typical Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is derived from a B-cell arrested after cessation of somatic mutation but prior to isotype switch events. Blood. 2002;100:1505–1507
  22. Kriangkum J, Taylor BJ, Mant MJ, et al.  The malignant clone in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Semin Oncol. 2003;30:132–135
  23. Schop RFJ, Fonseca R. Genetics and cytogenetics of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Semin Oncol. 2003;30:142–145
  24. Dorner T, Foster SJ, Brezinschek HP, et al.  Analysis of the targetting of the hypermutational machinery and the impact of subsequent selection on the distribution of nucleotide changes in human VHDJH rearrangements. Immunol Rev. 1998;162:161–171
  25. Shiokawa S, Suehiro Y, Uike N. Sequence and expression of μ and δ transcripts in patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Am J Hematol. 2001;68:139–143
  26. Sahota SS, Leo R, Hamblin TJ, et al.  Ig VH mutational patterns indicate different tumor cells status in human myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood. 1996;87:746–755
  27. Sahota SS, Garand R, Mahroof R, et al.  VH gene analysis of IgM-secreting myeloma indicates an origin from a memory cell undergoing isotype switch events. Blood. 1999;94:1070–1076
  28. Forconi F, Sahota SS, Raspadori D, et al.  Tumor cells of hairy cell leukemia express multiple clonally related immunoglobulin isotypes via RNA splicing. Blood. 2001;98:1174–1181
  29. Paramithiotis E, Cooper MD. Memory B lymphocytes migrate to bone marrow in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:208–212
  30. Bergsagel PL, Chesi M, Nardini E, et al.  Promiscuous translocations into immunoglobulin heavy chain switch regions in multiple myeloma. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1996;13931–13936
  31. Schop RF, Kuehl WM, Van Wier SA, et al.  Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia neoplastic cells lack immunoglobulin heavy chain locus translocations but have frequent 6q deletions. Blood. 2002;100:2996–3001
  32. Avet-Loiseau H, Garnad R, Lode L, et al.  14q32 translocations discriminate IgM multiple myeloma from Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Semin Oncol. 2003;30:153–155
  33. Sahota SS, Garand R, Bataille R, et al.  VH gene analysis of clonally related IgM and IgG from human lymphoplasmacytoid B-cell tumors with chronic lymphocytic leukemia features and high serum monoclonal IgG. Blood. 1998;91:238–243
  34. Zojer N, Ludwig H, Fiegl M, et al: Patterns of somatic mutations in VH genes reveal pathways of clonal transformation from MGUS to multiple myeloma. Blood (in press)

 Supported in part by The Smokler Fellowship Award from Research Fund for Waldenstroms, Ltd, New York, NY, The Leukaemia Research Fund UK, and Tenovus UK.

☆☆ Address reprint requests to Surinder S. Sahota, PhD, Molecular Immunology Group, Tenovus Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton University Hospitals, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.

 0093-7754/03/3002-0038$30.00/0

PII: S0093-7754(03)70064-5

doi: 10.1053/sonc.2003.50072

Seminars in Oncology
Volume 30, Issue 2 , Pages 136-141 , April 2003