Seminars in Oncology
Volume 32, Issue 1 , Pages 120-127 , February 2005

Intratumoral molecular or genetic markers as predictors of clinical outcome with chemotherapy in colorectal cancer

  • Jean L. Grem

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Oncology/Hematology, and the Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Jean Grem, MD, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 987680 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7680

References 

  1. Jemal A , Tiwari RC , Murray T , et al.   Cancer Statistics 2004 . CA Cancer J Clin . 2004;54:8–29
  2. Grem JL . 5-Fluoropyrimidines . In:  Chabner BA ,  Longo DL editor. Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy (Principles and Practice) . (ed 3). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins; 2001;p. 185–254
  3. Findlay MP , Cunningham D , Morgan G , et al.   Lack of correlation between thymidylate synthase levels in primary colorectal tumours and subsequent response to chemotherapy . Br J Cancer . 1997;75:903–909
  4. Aschele C , Debernardis D , Tunesi G , et al.   Thymidylate synthase protein expression in primary colorectal cancer compared with the corresponding distant metastases and relationship with the clinical response to 5-fluorouracil . Clin Cancer Res . 2000;6:4797–4802
  5. Yamda H , Ichikawa W , Uetake H , et al.   Thymidylate synthase gene expression in primary colorectal cancer and metastatic sites . Clin Colorectal Cancer . 2001;1:169–173
  6. Berglund A , Edler D , Molin D , et al.   Thymidylate synthase and p53 expression in primary tumor do not predict chemotherapy outcome in metastatic colorectal carcinoma . Anticancer Res . 2002;22:3653–3659
  7. Saw RP , Koorey D , Painter D , et al.   p53, DCC and thymidylate synthase as predictors of survival after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer . Br J Surg . 2002;89:1409–1415
  8. Johnston PG , Benson AB , Catalano P , et al.   Thymidylate synthase protein expression in primary colorectal cancer (Lack of correlation with outcome and response to fluorouracil in metastatic disease sites) . J Clin Oncol . 2003;21:815–819
  9. Aschele C , Debernardis D , Casazza S , et al.   Immunohistochemical quantitation of thymidylate synthase expression in colorectal cancer metastases predicts for clinical outcome to fluorouracil-based chemotherapy . J Clin Oncol . 1999;17:1760–1770
  10. Cascinu S , Aschele C , Barni S , et al.   Thymidylate synthase protein expression in advanced colon cancer (correlation with the site of metastasis and the clinical response to leucovorin-modulated bolus 5-fluorouracil) . Clin Cancer Res . 1999;5:1996–1999
  11. Davies MM , Johnston PG , Kaur S , et al.   Colorectal liver metastasis thymidylate synthase staining correlates with response to hepatic arterial floxuridine . Clin Cancer Res . 1999;5:325–328
  12. Corsi DC , Ciaparrone M , Zannoni G , et al.   Predictive value of thymidylate synthase expression in resected metastases of colorectal cancer . Eur J Cancer . 2002;38:527–534
  13. Gonen M , Hummer A , Zervoudakis A , et al.   Thymidylate synthase expression in hepatic tumors is a predictor of survival and progression in patients with resectable metastatic colorectal cancer . J Clin Oncol . 2003;21:406–412
  14. Leichman CG , Lenz HJ , Leichman L , et al.   Quantitation of intratumoral thymidylate synthase expression predicts for disseminated colorectal cancer response and resistance to protracted-infusion fluorouracil and weekly leucovorin . J Clin Oncol . 1997;15:3223–3229
  15. Farrugia DC , Ford HE , Cunningham D , et al.   Thymidylate synthase expression in advanced colorectal cancer predicts for response to raltitrexed . Clin Cancer Res . 2003;9:792–801
  16. Shirota Y , Stoehlmacher J , Brabender J , et al.   ERCC1 and thymidylate synthase mRNA levels predict survival for colorectal cancer patients receiving combination oxaliplatin and fluorouracil chemotherapy . J Clin Oncol . 2001;19:4298–4304
  17. Etienne MC , Chazal M , Laurent-Puig P , et al.   Prognostic value of tumoral thymidylate synthase and p53 in metastatic colorectal cancer patients receiving fluorouracil-based chemotherapy (Phenotypic and genotypic analyses) . J Clin Oncol . 2002;20:2832–2843
  18. Johnston PG , Fisher ER , Rockette HE , et al.   The role of thymidylate synthase expression in prognosis and outcome of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with rectal cancer . J Clin Oncol . 1994;12:2640–2647
  19. Takenoue T , Nagawa H , Matsuda K , et al.   Relation between thymidylate synthase expression and survival in colon carcinoma, and determination of appropriate application of 5-fluorouracil by immunohistochemical method . Ann Surg Oncol . 2000;7:193–198
  20. Edler D , Glimelius B , Hallstrom M , et al.   Thymidylate synthase expression in colorectal cancer (a prognostic and predictive marker of benefit from adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy) . J Clin Oncol . 2002;20:1721–1728
  21. Kornmann M , Schwabe W , Sander S , et al.   Thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase mRNA expression levels (predictors for survival in colorectal cancer patients receiving adjuvant 5-fluorouracil) . Clin Cancer Res . 2003;9:4116–4124
  22. Allegra CJ , Parr AL , Wold LE , et al.   Investigation of the prognostic and predictive value of thymidylate synthase, p53, and Ki-67 in patients with locally advanced colon cancer . J Clin Oncol . 2002;20:1735–1743
  23. Allegra CJ , Paik S , Colangelo LH , et al.   Prognostic value of thymidylate synthase, Ki-67, and p53 in patients with Dukes’ B and C colon cancer (A National Cancer Institute-National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project collaborative study) . J Clin Oncol . 2003;21:241–250
  24. Brown NS , Bicknell R . Thymidine phosphorylase, 2-deoxy-D-ribose and angiogenesis . Biochem J . 1998;334:1–8
  25. Metzger R , Danenberg K , Leichman CG , et al.   High basal level gene expression of thymidine phosphorylase (platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor) in colorectal tumors is associated with non-response to 5-fluorouracil . Clin Cancer Res . 1998;4:2371–2376
  26. Ackland SP , Peters GJ . Thymidine phosphorylase (Its role in sensitivity and resistance to anticancer drugs) . Drug Resist Update . 1999;2:205–214
  27. Salonga D , Danenberg KD , Johnson M , et al.   Colorectal tumors responding to 5- fluorouracil have low gene expression levels of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, thymidylate synthase, and thymidine phosphorylase . Clin Cancer Res . 2000;6:1322–1327
  28. Morita T , Matsuzaki A , Tokue A . Enhancement of sensitivity to capecitabine in human renal carcinoma cells transfected with thymidine phosphorylase cDNA . Int J Cancer . 2001;92:451–456
  29. Sawada N , Ishikawa T , Sekiguchi F , et al.   X-ray irradiation induces thymidine phosphorylase and enhances the efficacy of capecitabine (Xeloda) in human cancer xenografts . Clin Cancer Res . 1999;5:2948–2953
  30. Sawada N , Ishikawa T , Fukase Y , et al.   Induction of thymidine phosphorylase activity and enhancement of capecitabine efficacy by Taxol/Taxotere in human cancer xenografts . Clin Cancer Res . 1998;4:1013–1019
  31. Ishikawa T , Sekiguchi F , Fukase Y , et al.   Positive correlation between the efficacy of capecitabine and doxifluridine and the ratio of thymidine phosphorylase to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activities in tumors in human cancer xenografts . Cancer Res . 1998;58:685–690
  32. Mori K , Hasegawa M , Nishida M , et al.   Expression levels of thymidine phosphorylase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in various human tumor tissues . Int J Oncol . 2000;17:33–38
  33. Sadahiro S , Otani Y , Oya K , et al.   Thymidine phosphorylase expression and effect of doxifluridine (A phase II study) . Oncol Rep . 2001;8:753–758
  34. Nishimura G , Terada I , Kobayashi T , et al.   Thymidine phosphorylase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase levels in primary colorectal cancer show a relationship to clinical effects of 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine as adjuvant chemotherapy . Oncol Rep . 2002;9:479–482
  35. Meropol NJ , Gold PJ , Diasio RB , et al.   Correlation of thymidine phosphorylase, thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression in primary and metastatic sites with response to capecitabine therapy . Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol . 2004;22:250; (abstr 3520)
  36. Araki Y , Isomoto H , Shirouzu K . Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity and thymidylate synthase level are associated with response to 5- fluorouracil in human colorectal cancer . Kurume Med J . 2001;48:93–98
  37. Oi K , Makino M , Ozaki M , et al.   Immunohistochemical dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression is a good prognostic indicator for patients with Dukes’ C colorectal cancer . Anticancer Res . 2004;24:273–279
  38. Tsuji T , Sawai T , Takeshita H , et al.   Tumor dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in stage II and II colorectal cancer (Low level expression is a beneficial marker in oral-adjuvant chemotherapy, but is also a predictor for poor prognosis in patients treated with curative surgery alone) . Cancer Lett . 2004;204:97–104
  39. Casey G , Lopez ME , Ramos JC , et al.   DNA sequence analysis of exons 2 through 11 and immunohistochemical staining are required to detect all known p53 alterations in human malignancies . Oncogene . 1996;13:1971–1981
  40. Hashimoto T , Tokuchi Y , Hayashi M , et al.   p53 Null mutations undetected by immunohistochemical staining predict a poor outcome with early-stage non-small cell lung carcinomas . Cancer Res . 1999;59:5572–5579
  41. Logullo AF , de Moura RP , Nonogaki S , et al.   A proposal for the integration of immunohistochemical staining and DNA-based techniques for the determination of TP53 mutations in human carcinomas . Diagn Mol Pathol . 2000;9:35–40
  42. Sjogren S , Inganas M , Norberg T , et al.   The p53 gene in breast cancer (Prognostic value of complementary DNA sequencing versus immunohistochemistry) . J Natl Cancer Inst . 1996;88:681–687
  43. Goel A , Arnold CN , Boland CR . Multistep progression of colorectal cancer in the setting of microsatellite instability (new details and novel insights) . Gastroenterology . 2001;121:1497–1502
  44. Halling KC , French AJ , McDonnell SK , et al.   Microsatellite instability and 8p allelic imbalance in stage B2 and C colorectal cancers . J Natl Cancer Inst . 1999;91:1295–1303
  45. Gryfe R , Kim H , Hsieh ET , et al.   Tumor microsatellite instability and clinical outcome in young patients with colorectal cancer . N Engl J Med . 2000;342:69–77
  46. Choi S-W , Lee KJ , Bae Y-A , et al.   Genetic classification of colorectal cancer based on chromosomal loss and microsatellite instability predicts survival . Clin Cancer Res . 2002;8:2311–2322
  47. Hemminki A , Mecklin JP , Jarvinen H , et al.   Microsatellite instability is a favorable prognostic indicator in patients with colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy . Gastroenterology . 2000;119:921–928
  48. Watanabe T , Wu TT , Catalano PJ , et al.   Molecular predictors of survival after adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer . N Engl J Med . 2001;344:1196–1206
  49. Elsaleh H , Powell B , McCaul K , et al.   P53 Alteration and microsatellite instability have predictive value for survival benefit from chemotherapy in stage III colorectal carcinoma . Clin Cancer Res . 2001;7:1343–1349
  50. Barratt PL , Seymour MT , Stenning SP , et al.   DNA markers predicting benefit from adjuvant fluorouracil in patients with colon cancer (A molecular study) . Lancet . 2002;360:1381–1391
  51. Ribic CM , Sargent DJ , Moore MJ , et al.   Tumor microsatellite-instability as a predictor of benefit from fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer . N Engl J Med . 2003;349:247–257
  52. Carethers JM , Smith EJ , Behling CA , et al.   Use of 5-fluorouracil and survival in patients with microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer . Gastroenterology . 2004;126:394–401
  53. Liang JT , Huang KC , Lai HS , et al.   High-frequency microsatellite instability predicts better chemosensitivity to high-dose 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin chemotherapy for stage IV sporadic colorectal cancer after palliative bowel resection . Int J Cancer . 2002;101:519–525
  54. Brueckl WM , Moesch C , Brabletz T , et al.   Relationship between microsatellite instability, response and survival in palliative patients with colorectal cancer undergoing first-line chemotherapy . Anticancer Res . 2003;23:1773–1777
  55. Boulay J-L , Mild G , Lowy A , et al.   SMAD4 is a predictive marker for 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer . Br J Cancer . 2002;87:620–624
  56. Grady WM , Markowitz SD . Genetic and epigenetic alterations in colon cancer . Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet . 2002;3:101–128
  57. Gnanasampanthan G , Elsaleh H , McCaul K , et al.   Ki-ras mutation type and the survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in Dukes’ C colorectal cancer . J Pathol . 2001;195:543–548
  58. Rasheed ZA , Rubin EH . Mechanisms of resistance to topoisomerase I-targeting drugs . Oncogene . 2003;22:7296–7304
  59. Jacob S , Aguado M , Fallik D , et al.   The role of the DNA mismatch repair system in the cytotoxicity of the topoisomerase inhibitors camptothecin and etoposide to human colorectal cancer cells . Cancer Res . 2001;61:6555–6562
  60. Fallik D , Borrini F , Boige V , et al.   Microsatellite instability is a predictive factor of the tumor response to irinotecan in patients with advanced colorectal cancer . Cancer Res . 2003;63:5738–5744
  61. Laat WL , Jaspers NCG , Hoeijmakers JHJ . Molecular mechanism of nucleotide excision repair . Genes Develop . 1999;13:768–778
  62. McHugh PJ , Spanswick VJ , Hartley JA . Repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (Molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance) . Lancet Oncol . 2001;2:483–490
  63. Reed E . Platinum-DNA adduct, nucleotide excision repair and platinum based anti-cancer chemotherapy . Cancer Treat Rev . 1998;24:331–334
  64. Shirota Y , Stoehlmacher J , Brabender J , et al.   ERCC1 and thymidylate synthase mRNA levels predict survival for colorectal cancer patients receiving combination oxaliplatin and fluorouracil chemotherapy . J Clin Oncol . 2001;19:4298–4304

PII: S0093-7754(04)00456-7

doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2004.09.027

Seminars in Oncology
Volume 32, Issue 1 , Pages 120-127 , February 2005

Article Tools