Seminars in Oncology
Volume 32, Issue 3 , Pages 269-278 , June 2005

Mediastinal Staging 2005: Pictures, Scopes, and Scalpels

  • Harvey I. Pass

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Harvey I. Pass, MD, Harper University Hospital, 3990 John R, Suite 2102, Detroit, MI 48201

References 

  1. Toloza EM , Harpole L , Detterbeck F , et al.   Invasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer (A review of the current evidence) . Chest . 2003;123(suppl):157S–166S
  2. Toloza EM , Harpole L , McCrory DC . Noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer (A review of the current evidence) . Chest . 2003;123(suppl):137S–146S
  3. Rusch VW . Surgery for stage III non-small cell lung cancer . Cancer Control . 1994;1:455–466
  4. van Rens MT , de la Riviere AB , Elbers HR , et al.   Prognostic assessment of 2,361 patients who underwent pulmonary resection for non-small cell lung cancer, stage I, II, and IIIA . Chest . 2000;117:374–379
  5. Martini N , Flehinger BJ , Zaman MB , et al.   Results of resection in non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung with mediastinal lymph node metastases . Ann Surg . 1983;198:386–397
  6. Mountain CF . Surgery for stage IIIa-N2 non-small cell lung cancer . Cancer . 1994;73:2589–2598
  7. Pearson FG , Delarue NC , Ilves R , et al.   Significance of positive superior mediastinal nodes identified at mediastinoscopy in patients with resectable cancer of the lung . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1982;83:1–11
  8. Vansteenkiste JF , De Leyn PR , Deneffe GJ , et al.  Leuven Lung Cancer Group   Survival and prognostic factors in resected N2 non-small cell lung cancer (A study of 140 cases) . Ann Thorac Surg . 1997;63:1441–1450
  9. Abe K , Kato N , Miki K , et al.   Malignant mesothelioma of testicular tunica vaginalis . Int J Urol . 2002;9:602–603
  10. Miller DL , McManus KG , Allen MS , et al.   Results of surgical resection in patients with N2 non-small cell lung cancer . Ann Thorac Surg . 1994;57:1095–1100
  11. Watanabe Y , Hayashi Y , Shimizu J , et al.   Mediastinal nodal involvement and the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer . Chest . 1991;100:422–428
  12. Martini N , Flehinger BJ , Zaman MB , et al.   Results of resection in non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung with mediastinal lymph node metastases . Ann Surg . 1983;198:386–397
  13. Goldstraw P , Mannam GC , Kaplan DK , et al.   Surgical management of non-small-cell lung cancer with ipsilateral mediastinal node metastasis (N2 disease) . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1994;107:19–27
  14. Naruke T , Suemasu K , Ishikawa S . Lymph node mapping and curability at various levels of metastasis in resected lung cancer . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1978;76:832–839
  15. Conill C , Astudillo J , Verger E . Prognostic significance of metastases to mediastinal lymph node levels in resected non-small cell lung carcinoma . Cancer . 1993;72:1199–1202
  16. Okada M , Tsubota N , Yoshimura M , et al.   Prognosis of completely resected pN2 non-small cell lung carcinomas (What is the significant node that affects survival?) . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1999;118:270–275
  17. Albain KS . Induction chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy before surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer . Curr Oncol Rep . 2000;2:54–63
  18. Hensing TA , Detterbeck F , Socinski MA . The role of induction therapy in the management of resectable non-small cell lung cancer . Cancer Control . 2000;7:45–55
  19. Albain KS . Induction chemotherapy with/without radiation followed by surgery in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer . Oncology (Huntingt) . 1997;11(suppl 9):51–57
  20. Scagliotti GV , Novello S . Adjuvant therapy in completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer . Curr Oncol Rep . 2003;5:318–325
  21. Movsas B . Role of adjuvant therapy in resected stage II/IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer . Oncology (Huntingt) . 2002;16:90–95 100
  22. Keller SM , Adak S , Wagner H , et al.  Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group   A randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant therapy in patients with completely resected stage II or IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer . N Engl J Med . 2000;343:1217–1222
  23. Andre F , Grunenwald D , Pignon JP , et al.   Survival of patients with resected N2 non-small-cell lung cancer (Evidence for a subclassification and implications) . J Clin Oncol . 2000;18:2981–2989
  24. Detterbeck F , Kiser A . T3 non-small cell lung cancer (stage IIB-IIIA) . In:  Detterbeck F ,  Rivera M ,  Socinski MA , et al. editor. Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Cancer (An Evidence-Based Guide for he Practicing Clinician) . Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2001;p. 223–232
  25. Silvestri GA , Tanoue LT , Margolis ML , et al.   The noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer (the guidelines) . Chest . 2003;123(suppl):147S–156S
  26. Schaefer-Prokop C , Prokop M . New imaging techniques in the treatment guidelines for lung cancer . Eur Respir J . 2002;35(suppl):71s–83s
  27. Margery J , Grahek D , Vaylet F , et al.   Impact of FDG PET imaging on clinical management in patients with resectable NSCLC (A prospective multicentric French study) . Lung Cancer . 2003;41(suppl 2):s13; (abstr)
  28. Yap CS , Schiepers C , Fishbein MC , et al.   FDG-PET imaging in lung cancer (How sensitive is it for bronchioloalveolar carcinoma?) . Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging . 2002;29:1166–1173
  29. Baek HJ , Jung JH , Choi CW . The possible mechanism of false staging of mediastinal nodes by FDG-PET in the non-small cell lung cancer . Lung Cancer . 2003;41(suppl 2):S13; (abstr)
  30. Shure D , Fedullo PF , Plummer M . Carinal forceps biopsy via the fiberoptic bronchoscope in the routine staging of lung cancer . West J Med . 1985;142:511–513
  31. Sutedja TG , Codrington H , Risse EK , et al.   Autofluorescence bronchoscopy improves staging of radiographically occult lung cancer and has an impact on therapeutic strategy . Chest . 2001;120:1327–1332
  32. Shure D , Fedullo PF . Transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of submucosal and peribronchial bronchogenic carcinoma . Chest . 1985;88:49–51
  33. Shure D , Fedullo PF . The role of transcarinal needle aspiration in the staging of bronchogenic carcinoma . Chest . 1984;86:693–696
  34. Chin R , McCain TW , Lucia MA , et al.   Transbronchial needle aspiration in diagnosing and staging lung cancer (How many aspirates are needed?) . Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2002;166:377–381
  35. Sutedja G . New techniques for early detection of lung cancer . Eur Respir J . 2003;39(suppl):57s–66s
  36. Herth FJ , Becker HD , Ernst A . Ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (An experience in 242 patients) . Chest . 2003;123:604–607
  37. Silvestri GA , Hoffman B , Reed CE . One from column A (Choosing between CT, positron emission tomography, endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration, transbronchial needle aspiration, thoracoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and mediastinotomy for staging lung cancer) . Chest . 2003;123:333–335
  38. Wallace MB , Silvestri GA , Sahai AV , et al.   Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for staging patients with carcinoma of the lung . Ann Thorac Surg . 2001;72:1861–1866
  39. Silvestri GA , Hoffman BJ , Bhutani MS , et al.   Endoscopic Ultrasound With Fine-Needle Aspiration in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer . Ann Thorac Surg . 1996;61:1441–1447
  40. Wiersema M , Edell E , Midthun D . Prospective comparison of transbronchial needle aspirate (TBNA) and endosonography guided biopsy (EUS-FNA) of mediastinal lymph nodes in patients with known or suspected non small cell lung cancer . Gastrointest Endosc . 2002;55:115; (abstr)
  41. LeBlanc JK , Devereaux BM , Imperiale TF , et al.   Endoscopic ultrasound in non-small cell lung cancer and negative mediastinum on computed tomography . Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2005;171:177–182
  42. Abolhoda A , Keller S . Surgical staging of the mediastinum . In:  Pass HI ,  Mitchell JB ,  Johnson DH , et al. editor. Lung Cancer (Principles and Practice) . Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000;p. 628–646
  43. Pearson FG . An evaluation of mediastinoscopy in the management of presumably operable bronchial carcinoma . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1968;55:617–625
  44. Naruke T . Significance of lymph node metastases in lung cancer . Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1993;5:210–218
  45. Mountain CF , Dresler CM . Regional lymph node classification for lung cancer staging . Chest . 1997;111:1718–1723
  46. Mountain CF . Revision in the International System for Staging Lung Cancer . Chest . 1997;111:1710–1717
  47. Mountain CF . A new international staging system for lung cancer . Chest . 1986;89(suppl):225S–233S
  48. Lee JD , Ginsberg RJ . Lung cancer staging (The value of ipsilateral scalene lymph node biopsy performed at mediastinoscopy) . Ann Thorac Surg . 1996;62:338–341
  49. Ginsberg RJ . Extended cervical mediastinoscopy . Chest Surg Clin North Am . 1996;6:21–30
  50. Olak J . Parasternal mediastinotomy (Chamberlain procedure) . Chest Surg Clin North Am . 1996;6:31–40
  51. Landreneau RJ , Hazelrigg SR , Mack MJ , et al.   Thoracoscopic mediastinal lymph node sampling (useful for mediastinal lymph node stations inaccessible by cervical mediastinoscopy) . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1993;106:554–558
  52. Daly BD , Mueller JD , Faling LJ , et al.   N2 lung cancer (Outcome in patients with false-negative computed tomographic scans of the chest) . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1993;105:904–910
  53. Detterbeck F , Jones DR , Parker LA . Intrathoracic staging . In:  Detterbeck F ,  Rivera M ,  Socinski MA , et al. editor. Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Cancer (An Evidence-Based Guide for the Practicing Physician) . Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2001;p. 73–93
  54. Krasna MJ . Role of thoracoscopic lymph node staging for lung and esophageal cancer . Oncology (Huntingt) . 1996;10:793–802
  55. Ishida T , Yano T , Maeda K , et al.   Strategy for lymphadenectomy in lung cancer three centimeters or less in diameter . Ann Thorac Surg . 1990;50:708–713
  56. Martini N , Beattie EJ . Results of surgical treatment in stage I lung cancer . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1977;74:499–505
  57. Bollen EC , van Duin CJ , Theunissen PH , et al.   Mediastinal lymph node dissection in resected lung cancer (Morbidity and accuracy of staging) . Ann Thorac Surg . 1993;55:961–966
  58. Izbicki JR , Thetter O , Habekost M , et al.   Radical systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy in non-small cell lung cancer (A randomized controlled trial) . Br J Surg . 1994;81:229–235
  59. Sugi K , Nawata K , Fujita N , et al.   Systematic lymph node dissection for clinically diagnosed peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer less than 2 cm in diameter . World J Surg . 1998;22:290–294
  60. Funatsu T , Matsubara Y , Ikeda S , et al.   Preoperative mediastinoscopic assessment of N factors and the need for mediastinal lymph node dissection in T1 lung cancer . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1994;108:321–328
  61. Martini N , Flehinger BJ . The role of surgery in N2 lung cancer . Surg Clin North Am . 1987;67:1037–1049
  62. Keller SM , Adak S , Wagner H , et al.  Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group   Mediastinal lymph node dissection improves survival in patients with stages II and IIIa non-small cell lung cancer . Ann Thorac Surg . 2000;70:358–365
  63. Wu Y , Huang ZF , Wang SY , et al.   A randomized trial of systematic nodal dissection in resectable non-small cell lung cancer . Lung Cancer . 2002;36:1–6
  64. Liptay MJ , Grondin SC , Fry WA , et al.   Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping in non-small-cell lung cancer improves detection of micrometastases . J Clin Oncol . 2002;20:1984–1988
  65. Liptay MJ , Masters GA , Winchester DJ , et al.   Intraoperative radioisotope sentinel lymph node mapping in non-small cell lung cancer . Ann Thorac Surg . 2000;70:384–389
  66. Schmidt FE , Woltering EA , Webb WR , et al.   Sentinel nodal assessment in patients with carcinoma of the lung . Ann Thorac Surg . 2002;74:870–874
  67. Nomori H , Horio H , Naruke T , et al.   Use of technetium-99m tin colloid for sentinel lymph node identification in non-small cell lung cancer . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 2002;124:486–492
  68. Sugi K , Fukuda M , Nakamura H , et al.   Comparison of three tracers for detecting sentinel lymph nodes in patients with clinical N0 lung cancer . Lung Cancer . 2003;39:37–40
  69. Albain KS , Rusch VW , Crowley JJ , et al.   Concurrent cisplatin/etoposide plus chest radiotherapy followed by surgery for stages IIIA (N2) and IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer (Mature results of Southwest Oncology Group phase II study 8805) . J Clin Oncol . 1995;13:1880–1892
  70. Pass HI , Pogrebniak HW , Steinberg SM , et al.   Randomized trial of neoadjuvant therapy for lung cancer (Interim analysis) . Ann Thorac Surg . 1992;53:992–998
  71. Bueno R , Richards WG , Swanson SJ , et al.   Nodal stage after induction therapy for stage IIIA lung cancer determines patient survival . Ann Thorac Surg . 2000;70:1826–1831
  72. Betticher DC , Hsu Schmitz SF , Totsch M , et al.   Mediastinal lymph node clearance after docetaxel-cisplatin neoadjuvant chemotherapy is prognostic of survival in patients with stage IIIA pN2 non-small-cell lung cancer (A multicenter phase II trial) . J Clin Oncol . 2003;21:1752–1759
  73. Mateu-Navarro M , Rami-Porta R , Bastus-Piulats R , et al.   Remediastinoscopy after induction chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer . Ann Thorac Surg . 2000;70:391–395
  74. Van Schil P , van der Schoot J , Poniewierski J , et al.   Remediastinoscopy after neoadjuvant therapy for non-small cell lung cancer . Lung Cancer . 2002;37:281–285
  75. MacManus MR , Hicks R , Fisher R , et al.   FDG-PET-detected extracranial metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing staging for surgery or radical radiotherapy—Survival correlates with metastatic disease burden . Acta Oncol . 2003;42:48–54
  76. Vansteenkiste JF , Stroobants SG , De Leyn PR , et al.  The Leuven Lung Cancer Group   Potential use of FDG-PET scan after induction chemotherapy in surgically staged IIIa-N2 non-small-cell lung cancer (A prospective pilot study) . Ann Oncol . 1998;9:1193–1198
  77. Ryu JS , Choi NC , Fischman AJ , et al.   FDG-PET in staging and restaging non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (Correlation with histopathology) . Lung Cancer . 2002;35:179–187
  78. Akhurst T , Downey RJ , Ginsberg MS , et al.   An initial experience with FDG-PET in the imaging of residual disease after induction therapy for lung cancer . Ann Thorac Surg . 2002;73:259–264
  79. Cerfolio RJ , Ojha B , Mukherjee S , et al.   Positron emission tomography scanning with 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose as a predictor of response of neoadjuvant treatment for non-small cell carcinoma . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 2003;125:938–944
  80. Lardinois D , Schallberger A , Betticher D , et al.   Postinduction video-mediastinoscopy is as accurate and safe as video-mediastinoscopy in patients without pretreatment for potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer . Ann Thorac Surg . 2003;75:1102–1106
  81. Kramer H , Douma WR , van Putten J , et al.   Endoscopic Ultrasonography with fine needle aspiration in the staging of non-small cell lung cancer after a positive mediastinal PET . Lung Cancer . 2003;41(suppl 2):S204; (abstr)

PII: S0093-7754(05)00085-0

doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.02.014

Seminars in Oncology
Volume 32, Issue 3 , Pages 269-278 , June 2005

Article Tools