Seminars in Oncology
Volume 32, Issue 3 , Pages 293-298 , June 2005

Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation With Combined Modality Therapy for Patients With Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

  • L. Chinsoo Cho

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Moncrief Radiation Oncology Center, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to L. Chinsoo Cho, MD, MS, Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Moncrief Radiation Oncology Center, 5801 Forest Park Rd, Dallas, TX 75390-9183
  • ,
  • Jonathan E. Dowell

      Affiliations

    • Division of Hematology Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX
  • ,
  • Dan Garwood

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Moncrief Radiation Oncology Center, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX
  • ,
  • Ann Spangler

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Moncrief Radiation Oncology Center, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX
  • ,
  • Hak Choy

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Moncrief Radiation Oncology Center, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX

References 

  1. American Cancer Society . Cancer Facts and Figures 2005 . Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2005;
  2. Jamal A , Murray T , Ward E , et al.   Cancer Statistics, 2005 . CA Cancer J Clin . 2005;55:10–30
  3. Stevens CW , Lee JS , Cox J , et al.   Novel approaches to locally advanced unresectable non-small cell lung cancer . Radiother Oncol . 2000;55:11–18
  4. Komaki R , Cox JD , Hartz AJ , et al.   Characteristics of long-term survivors after treatment for inoperable carcinoma of the lung . Am J Clin Oncol . 1985;8:362–370
  5. Videtic GM , Johnson B , Freidlin B , et al.   The survival of patients treated for stage III non-small cell lung cancer in North America has increased during the past 25 years . Lung Cancer . 2003;41(suppl 2):70; (abstr)
  6. Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group . Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (A meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomized clinical trials) . Br Med J . 1995;311:899–909
  7. Pritchard RS , Anthony SP . Chemotherapy plus radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced, unresectable, non-small cell lung cancer. A meta-analysis . Ann Intern Med . 1996;125:723–729
  8. Furuse K , Kubota K , Kawahara M , et al.  Southern Osaka Lung Cancer Study Group   Phase II study of concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer . J Clin Oncol . 1995;13:869–875
  9. Albain KS , Rusch VW , Crowley JJ , et al.   Concurrent cisplatin/etoposide plus chest radiotherapy followed by surgery for stages IIIA (N2) and IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer (Mature results of Southwest Oncology Group phase II study 8805) . J Clin Oncol . 1995;13:1880–1892
  10. Stuschke M , Eberhardt  , Pottgen C , et al.   Prophylactic cranial irradiation in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer after multimodality treatment (Long-term follow-up and investigations of late neuropsychologic effects) . J Clin Oncol . 1999;17:2700–2709
  11. Strauss GM , Herndon JE , Sherman DD , et al.   Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by surgery in stage IIIA nonsmall-cell carcinoma of the lung (Report of a Cancer and Leukemia Group B phase II study) . J Clin Oncol . 1992;10:1237–1244
  12. Cox JD , Stanley K , Petrovich Z , et al.   Cranial irradiation in cancer of the lung of all cell types . JAMA . 1981;245:469–472
  13. Russell AH , Pajak TE , Selim HM , et al.   Prophylactic cranial irradiation for lung cancer patients at high risk for development of cerebral metastasis (Results of a prospective randomized trial conducted by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 1991;21:637–643
  14. Umsawasdi T , Valdivieso M , Chen TT , et al.   Role of elective brain irradiation during combined chemoradiotherapy for limited disease non-small cell lung cancer . J Neurooncol . 1984;2:253–259
  15. Skarin A , Jochelson M , Sheldon T , et al.   Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in marginally respectable stage III M0 non-small cell lung cancer (Long-term follow-up in 41 patients) . J Surg Oncol . 1989;40:266–274
  16. Robnett TJ , Machtay M , Stevenson JP , et al.   Factors affecting the risk of brain metastases after definitive chemoradiation for locally advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma . J Clin Oncol . 2001;19:1344–1349
  17. Law A , Karp DD , Dipetrillo T , et al.   Emergence of increased cerebral metastasis after high-dose preoperative radiotherapy with chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma . Cancer . 2001;92:160–164
  18. Gaspar L , Scott C , Rotman M , et al.   Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) brain metastases trials . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 1997;37:745–751
  19. Patchell RA , Tibbs PA , Walsh JW , et al.   A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain . N Engl J Med . 1990;322:494–500
  20. Vecht CJ , Haaxma-Reiche H , Noordijk EM , et al.   Treatment of single brain metastases (Radiotherapy alone or combined with neurosurgery?) . Ann Neurol . 1993;33:583–590
  21. Alexander E , Moriarty TM , David RB , et al.   Stereotactic radiosurgery for the definitive, noninvasive treatment of brain metastases . J Natl Cancer Inst . 1995;87:34–40
  22. Engenhart R , Kimmig BN , Hover KH , et al.   Long-term follow up for brain mestastases treated by percutaneous stereotactic single high-dose irradiation . Cancer . 1993;71:1353–1361
  23. Gaspar L , Scott C , Rotman M , et al.   Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) brain metastases trials . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 1997;37:745–751
  24. Robnett TJ , Machtay M , Stevenson JP , et al.   Factors affecting the risk of brain metastases after definitive chemoradiation for locally advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma . J Clin Oncol . 2001;19:1344–1349
  25. Keith B , Vincent M , Stitt L , et al.   Subsets more likely to benefit from surgery or prophylactic cranial irradiation after chemoradiation for localized non-small-cell lung caner . Am J Clin Oncol . 2002;25:583–587
  26. Komaki R , Scott CB , Byhardt R , et al.   Failure patterns by prognostic group determined by recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of 1547 patients on four Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) studies in inoperable non-small cell lung cancer . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 1998;42:263–267
  27. Perez CA , Pajak TF , Rubin P , et al.   Long-term observations of the patterns of failure in patients with unresectable non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung treated with definitive radiotherapy . Cancer . 1987;59:1874–1881
  28. Cox JD , Scott CB , Emami B , et al.   Addition of chemotherapy to radiation therapy alters failure patterns by cell type within non-small cell carcinoma of lung (analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trials) . Lung Cancer . 1997;18(suppl 1):126; (abstr)
  29. Taylor MA , Reddy S , Lee MS , et al.   Combined modality treatment using BID radiation for locally advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma . Cancer . 1994;73:2599–2606
  30. Kumar P , Herndon J , Langer M , et al.   Patterns of disease failure after trimodality therapy of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma pathologic stage IIIA (N2) (Analysis of Cancer and Leukemia Group B protocol 8935) . Cancer . 1996;77:2393–2399
  31. Martini N , Kris MG , Gralla RJ , et al.   The effects of pre-operative chemotherapy on the respectability of non-small cell lung carcinoma with mediastinal lymph node metastases (N2M0) . Ann Thorac Surg . 1988;45:370–379
  32. Sun A , Carolan H , Bejak A , et al.   Brain metastases as the initial site of failure in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with combined modality therapy (Implications for prophylactic cranial irradiation) . Lung Cancer . 2003;41(suppl 2):21; (abstr)
  33. Andre F , Grunenwald D , Pujol JL , et al.   Patterns of relapse of N2 non-small cell lung carcinoma patients treated with preoperative chemotherapy. Should prophylactic cranial irradiation be reconsidered? . Cancer . 2001;91:2394–2400
  34. Cox JD , Scott CB , Byhardt RW , et al.   Addition of chemotherapy to radiation therapy alters failure patterns by cell type within non-small cell carcinoma of lung (NSCCL) (Analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trials) . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 1999;43:505–509
  35. Gaspar LE, Chansky K, Albain KS, et al: Time from treatment to subsequent diagnosis of brain metastases in stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): A retrospective review by the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG). Presented at the 39th annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Chicago, IL, May 2003 (abstr 2558)
  36. Furuse K , Fukuoka M , Kawahara M , et al.   Phase III study of concurrent versus sequential thoracic radiotherapy in combination with mitomycin, vindesine, and cisplatin in unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer . J Clin Oncol . 1999;17:2692–2699
  37. Gandara DR , Chansky K , Albain  , et al.   Consolidation docetaxel after concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage IIIb non-small-cell lung cancer (Phase II Southwest Oncology Group study S9504) . J Clin Oncol . 2003;21:2004–2010
  38. Choi NC , Carey RW , Daly W , et al.   Potential impact on survival of improved tumor down staging and resection rate by preoperative twice-daily radiation and concurrent chemotherapy in stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer . J Clin Oncol . 1997;15:712–722
  39. Eagan RT , Rudd C , Lee RE , et al.   Pilot Study of induction therapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and cisplatin (CAP) and chest irradiation prior to thoracotomy in initially inoperable stage III M0 non-small cell lung cancer . Cancer Treat Rep . 1987;71:895–900
  40. Rusch VW , Griffin BR , Livingston RB . The role of prophylactic cranial irradiation in regionally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. A Southwest Oncology Group study . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1989;98:535–539
  41. Laukkanen E , Klonoff H , Allan B , et al.   The role of prophylactic brain irradiation in limited stage small cell lung cancer (Clinical, neuropsychologic, and CT sequelae) . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 1988;14:1109–1117
  42. Lishner M , Feld R , Payne DG , et al.   Late neurological complications after prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with small-cell lung cancer (The Toronto experience) . J Clin Oncol . 1990;8:215–221
  43. Twijnstra A , Boon PJ , Lormans ACM , et al.   Neurotoxicity of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung . Eur J Cancer . 1987;23:983–986
  44. Van Oosterhout AGM , Ganzevles PGJ , Wilmink JT , et al.   Sequelae in long-term survivors of small cell lung cancer . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 1996;34:1037–1044
  45. Johnson BE , Patronas N , Hayes W , et al.   Neurologic, computed cranial tomographic, and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in patients with small-cell lung cancer (Further follow-up of 6- to 13-year survivors) . J Clin Oncol . 1990;8:48–56
  46. Arriagada R , LeChevalier T , Borie F , et al.   Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission . J Natl Cancer Inst . 1995;87:183–190
  47. Gregor A , Cull A , Stephens RJ , et al.   Prophylactic cranial irradiation is indicated following complete response to induction therapy in small cell lung cancer (Results of a multicentre randomized trial—United Kingdom Coordinating Committee for Cancer Research (UKCCCR) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer) . Eur J Cancer . 1997;33:1752–1758
  48. Komaki R , Meyers CA , Shin DM , et al.   Evaluation of cognitive function in patients with limited small cell lung cancer prior to and shortly following prophylactic cranial irradiation . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 1995;33:179–182
  49. Van Oosterhout AGM , Boon PJ , Houx PJ , et al.   Follow-up of cognitive functioning in patients with small cell lung cancer . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 1995;31:911–914
  50. Le Pechoux C , Laplache A , Borie F , et al.   Long term results in terms of neurotoxicity among patients with limited small cell lung cancer included in a trial evaluating prophylactic cranial irradiation . Lung Cancer . 2003;41(suppl 2):21; (abstr)
  51. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Stat 3.0, 1992–1997

PII: S0093-7754(05)00087-4

doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.02.017

Seminars in Oncology
Volume 32, Issue 3 , Pages 293-298 , June 2005