Seminars in Oncology
Volume 33, Issue 2 , Pages 150-156 , April 2006

The Origin of B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

References 

  1. Kuppers R , Klein U , Hansmann ML , et al.   Cellular origin of human B-cell lymphomas . N Engl J Med . 1999;341:1520–1529
  2. Chiorazzi N , Ferrarini M . B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Lessons learned from studies of the B cell antigen receptor) . Annu Rev Immunol . 2003;21:841–894
  3. Dohner H , Stilgenbauer S , Benner A , et al.   Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . N Engl J Med . 2000;343:1910–1916
  4. Kuppers R , Gause A , Rajewsky K . B cells of chronic lymphatic leukemia express V genes in unmutated form . Leuk Res . 1991;15:487–496
  5. Pratt LF , Rassenti L , Larrick J , et al.   Ig V region gene expression in small lymphocytic lymphoma with little or no somatic hypermutation . J Immunol . 1989;143:699–705
  6. Liu YJ , Joshua DE , Williams GT , et al.   Mechanism of antigen-driven selection in germinal centres . Nature . 1989;342:929–931
  7. Semichon M , Merle-Beral H , Lang V , et al.   Normal Syk protein level but abnormal tyrosine phosphorylation in B-CLL cells . Leukemia . 1997;11:1921–1928
  8. Fais F , Ghiotto F , Hashimoto S , et al.   Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells express restricted sets of mutated and unmutated antigen receptors . J Clin Invest . 1998;102:1515–1525
  9. Schroeder HW , Dighiero G . The pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Analysis of the antibody repertoire) . Immunol Today . 1994;15:288–294
  10. Damle RN , Wasil T , Fais F , et al.   Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 1999;94:1840–1847
  11. Hamblin TJ , Davis Z , Gardiner A , et al.   Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 1999;94:1848–1854
  12. Potter KN , Orchard J , Critchley E , et al.   Features of the overexpressed V1-69 genes in the unmutated subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia are distinct from those in the healthy elderly repertoire . Blood . 2003;101:3082–3084
  13. Damle RN , Ghiotto F , Valetto A , et al.   B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells express a surface membrane phenotype of activated, antigen-experienced B lymphocytes . Blood . 2002;99:4087–4093
  14. Alfarano A , Indraccolo S , Circosta P , et al.   An alternatively spliced form of CD79b gene may account for altered B- cell receptor expression in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 1999;93:2327–2335
  15. Cragg MS , Chan HT , Fox MD , et al.   The alternative transcript of CD79b is overexpressed in B-CLL and inhibits signaling for apoptosis . Blood . 2002;100:3068–3076
  16. Klein U , Tu Y , Stolovitzky GA , et al.   Gene expression profiling of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia reveals a homogeneous phenotype related to memory B cells . J Exp Med . 2001;194:1625–1638
  17. Rosenwald A , Alizadeh AA , Widhopf G , et al.   Relation of gene expression phenotype to immunoglobulin mutation genotype in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Exp Med . 2001;194:1639–1647
  18. Ghia P , Stamatopoulos K , Belessi C , et al.   Geographic patterns and pathogenetic implications of IGHV gene usage in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (The lesson of the IGHV3-21 gene) . Blood . 2005;105:1678–1685
  19. Ghiotto F , Fais F , Valetto A , et al.   Remarkably similar antigen receptors among a subset of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Clin Invest . 2004;113:1008–1016
  20. Messmer BT , Albesiano E , Efremov DG , et al.   Multiple distinct sets of stereotyped antigen receptors indicate a role for antigen in promoting chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Exp Med . 2004;200:519–525
  21. Tobin G , Thunberg U , Karlsson K , et al.   Subsets with restricted immunoglobulin gene rearrangement features indicate a role for antigen selection in the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 2004;104:2879–2885
  22. Widhopf GF , Rassenti LZ , Toy TL , et al.   Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells of more than 1% of patients express virtually identical immunoglobulins . Blood . 2004;104:2499–2504
  23. Borche L , Lim A , Binet JL , et al.   Evidence that chronic lymphocytic leukemia B lymphocytes are frequently committed to production of natural autoantibodies . Blood . 1990;76:562–569
  24. Broker BM , Klajman A , Youinou P , et al.   Chronic lymphocytic leukemic (CLL) cells secrete multispecific autoantibodies . J Autoimmun . 1988;1:469–481
  25. Sthoeger ZM , Wakai M , Tse DB , et al.   Production of autoantibodies by CD5-expressing B lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Exp Med . 1989;169:255–268
  26. Caligaris-Cappio F . B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (A malignancy of anti-self B cells) . Blood . 1996;87:2615–2620
  27. Kipps TJ , Carson DA . Autoantibodies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and related systemic autoimmune diseases . Blood . 1993;81:2475–2487
  28. Caligaris-Cappio F , Ghia P . The nature and origin of the B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell (A tentative model) . Hematol Oncol Clin North Am . 2004;18:849–862
  29. Herve M , Xu K , Ng YS , et al.   Unmutated and mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemias derive from self-reactive B cell precursors despite expressing different antibody reactivity . J Clin Invest . 2005;115:1636–1643
  30. Silverman GJ . B-cell superantigens . Immunol Today . 1997;18:379–386
  31. Kern C , Cornuel JF , Billard C , et al.   Involvement of BAFF and APRIL in the resistance to apoptosis of B-CLL through an autocrine pathway . Blood . 2004;103:679–688
  32. Nishio M , Endo T , Tsukada N , et al.   Nurselike cells express BAFF and APRIL, which can promote survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells via a paracrine pathway distinct from that of SDF-1{alpha} . Blood . 2005;106:1012–1020
  33. Decker T , Schneller F , Sparwasser T , et al.   Immunostimulatory CpG-oligonucleotides cause proliferation, cytokine production, and an immunogenic phenotype in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells . Blood . 2000;95:999–1006
  34. Zupo S , Isnardi L , Megna M , et al.   CD38 expression distinguishes two groups of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias with different responses to anti-IgM antibodies and propensity to apoptosis . Blood . 1996;88:1365–1374
  35. Lanham S , Hamblin T , Oscier D , et al.   Differential signaling via surface IgM is associated with VH gene mutational status and CD38 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 2003;101:1087–1093
  36. Scielzo C , Ghia P , Conti A , et al.   HS1 protein is differentially expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient subsets with good or poor prognoses . J Clin Invest . 2005;115:1644–1650
  37. Vilen BJ , Nakamura T , Cambier JC . Antigen-stimulated dissociation of BCR mIg from Ig-alpha/Ig-beta (Implications for receptor desensitization) . Immunity . 1999;10:239–248
  38. Payelle-Brogard B , Magnac C , Alcover A , et al.   Defective assembly of the B-cell receptor chains accounts for its low expression in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia . Br J Haematol . 2002;118:976–985
  39. Vuillier F , Dumas G , Magnac C , et al.   Lower levels of surface B-cell-receptor expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia are associated with glycosylation and folding defects of the mu and CD79a chains . Blood . 2005;105:2933–2940
  40. Ghia P , Prato G , Scielzo C , et al.   Monoclonal CD5+ and CD5- B lymphocyte expansions are frequent in the peripheral blood of the elderly . Blood . 2004;103:2337–2342
  41. Rawstron AC , Green MJ , Kuzmicki A , et al.   Monoclonal B lymphocytes with the characteristics of “indolent” chronic lymphocytic leukemia are present in 3.5% of adults with normal blood counts . Blood . 2002;100:635–639
  42. Rawstron AC , Yuille MR , Fuller J , et al.   Inherited predisposition to CLL is detectable as subclinical monoclonal B-lymphocyte expansion . Blood . 2002;100:2289–2290
  43. Mauri C , Gray D , Mushtaq N , et al.   Prevention of arthritis by interleukin 10-producing B cells . J Exp Med . 2003;197:489–501
  44. Ghia P , Melchers F , Rolink AG . Age-dependent changes in B lymphocyte development in man and mouse . Exp Gerontol . 2000;35:159–165
  45. Granziero L , Ghia P , Circosta P , et al.   Survivin is expressed on CD40 stimulation and interfaces proliferation and apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 2001;97:2777–2783
  46. Caligaris-Cappio F . Role of the microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia . Br J Haematol . 2003;123:380–388
  47. Schmid C , Isaacson PG . Proliferation centres in B-cell malignant lymphoma, lymphocytic (B-CLL) (An immunophenotypic study) . Histopathology . 1994;24:445–451
  48. Pizzolo G , Chilosi M , Ambrosetti A , et al.   Immunohistologic study of bone marrow involvement in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 1983;62:1289–1296
  49. Ghia P , Strola G , Granziero L , et al.   Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells are endowed with the capacity to attract CD4+, CD40L+ T cells by producing CCL22 . Eur J Immunol . 2002;32:1403–1413
  50. Buske C , Gogowski G , Schreiber K , et al.   Stimulation of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by murine fibroblasts, IL-4, anti-CD40 antibodies, and the soluble CD40 ligand . Exp Hematol . 1997;25:329–337
  51. Fluckiger AC , Rossi JF , Bussel A , et al.   Responsiveness of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells activated via surface Igs or CD40 to B-cell tropic factors . Blood . 1992;80:3173–3181
  52. Kitada S , Zapata JM , Andreeff M , et al.   Bryostatin and CD40-ligand enhance apoptosis resistance and induce expression of cell survival genes in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia . Br J Haematol . 1999;106:995–1004
  53. Lagneaux L , Delforge A , Bron D , et al.   Chronic lymphocytic leukemic B cells but not normal B cells are rescued from apoptosis by contact with normal bone marrow stromal cells . Blood . 1998;91:2387–2396
  54. Panayiotidis P , Jones D , Ganeshaguru K , et al.   Human bone marrow stromal cells prevent apoptosis and support the survival of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells in vitro . Br J Haematol . 1996;92:97–103
  55. Damle RN , Batliwalla FM , Ghiotto F , et al.   Telomere length and telomerase activity delineate distinctive replicative features of the B-CLL subgroups defined by immunoglobulin V gene mutations . Blood . 2004;103:375–382
  56. Messmer BT , Messmer D , Allen SL , et al.   In vivo measurements document the dynamic cellular kinetics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells . J Clin Invest . 2005;115:755–764
  57. Herzenberg LA . B-1 cells (The lineage question revisited) . Immunol Rev . 2000;175:9–22
  58. Kantor A . A new nomenclature for B cells . Immunol Today . 1991;12:388
  59. Caligaris-Cappio F , Gobbi M , Bofill M , et al.   Infrequent normal B lymphocytes express features of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Exp Med . 1982;155:623–628
  60. Youinou P , Jamin C , Lydyard PM . CD5 expression in human B-cell populations . Immunology Today . 1999;20:312–316
  61. Morikawa K , Oseko F , Morikawa S . Induction of CD5 antigen on human CD5− B cells by stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I . Int Immunol . 1993;5:809–816
  62. Caligaris-Cappio F , Riva M , Tesio L , et al.   Human normal CD5+ B lymphocytes can be induced to differentiate to CD5− B lymphocytes with germinal center cell features . Blood . 1989;73:1259–1263
  63. Casali P , Burastero SE , Nakamura M , et al.   Human lymphocytes making rheumatoid factor and antibody to ssDNA belong to Leu-1+ B-cell subset . Science . 1987;236:77–81
  64. Nakamura M , Burastero SE , Notkins AL , et al.   Human monoclonal rheumatoid factor-like antibodies from CD5 (Leu-1)+ B cells are polyreactive . J Immunol . 1988;140:4180–4186
  65. William J , Euler C , Christensen S , et al.   Evolution of autoantibody responses via somatic hypermutation outside of germinal centers . Science . 2002;297:2066–2070
  66. Stevenson FK , Caligaris-Cappio F . Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Revelations from the B-cell receptor) . Blood . 2004;103:4389–4395
  67. Casola S , Otipoby KL , Alimzhanov M , et al.   B cell receptor signal strength determines B cell fate . Nat Immunol . 2004;5:317–327
  68. Chiorazzi N , Rai KR , Ferrarini M . Chronic lymphocytic leukemia . N Engl J Med . 2005;352:804–815

 Supported by Associazione Italiana Ricerca Cancro (AIRC), Milano, by Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Roma and by Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione (MIUR), Roma, Italy.

PII: S0093-7754(06)00018-2

doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2006.01.009

Seminars in Oncology
Volume 33, Issue 2 , Pages 150-156 , April 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution