Seminars in Oncology
Volume 33, Issue 2 , Pages 202-209 , April 2006

Initial Therapy for Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

References 

  1. Diehl LF , Karnell LH , Menck HR . The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society. The National Cancer Data Base report on age, gender, treatment, and outcomes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Cancer . 1999;86:2684–2692
  2. Keating MJ , O’Brien S , Lerner S , et al.   Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) receiving fludarabine regimens as initial therapy . Blood . 1998;92:1165–1171
  3. Cheson BD , Bennett JM , Rai KR , et al.   Guidelines for clinical protocols for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Recommendations of the National Cancer Institute-sponsored working group) . Am J Hematol . 1988;29:152–163
  4. Provan D , Bartlett-Pandite L , Zwicky C , et al.   Eradication of polymerase chain reaction-detectable chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells is associated with improved outcome after bone marrow transplantation . Blood . 1996;88:2228–2235
  5. Bosch F , Ferrer A , Lopez-Guillermo A , et al.   Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and mitoxantrone in the treatment of resistant or relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia . Br J Haematol . 2002;119:976–984
  6. Moreton P , Kennedy B , Lucas G , et al.   Eradication of minimal residual disease in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia after alemtuzumab therapy is associated with prolonged survival . J Clin Oncol . 2005;23:2971–2979
  7. Shustik C , Mick R , Silver R , et al.   Treatment of early chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Intermittent chlorambucil versus observation) . Hematol Oncol . 1988;6:7–12
  8. Dighiero G , Maloum K , Desablens B , et al.   Chlorambucil in indolent chronic lymphocytic leukemia. French Cooperative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia . N Engl J Med . 1998;338:1506–1514
  9. Damle RN , Wasil T , Fais F , et al.   Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 1999;94:1840–1847
  10. Hamblin TJ , Davis Z , Gardiner A , et al.   Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 1999;94:1848–1854
  11. Crespo M , Bosch F , Villamor N , et al.   ZAP-70 expression as a surrogate for immunoglobulin-variable-region mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . N Engl J Med . 2003;348:1764–1775
  12. Rassenti LZ , Huynh L , Toy TL , et al.   ZAP-70 compared with immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene mutation status as a predictor of disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . N Engl J Med . 2004;351:893–901
  13. Han T , Ezdinli EZ , Shimaoka K , et al.   Chlorambucil vs. combined chlorambucil-corticosteroid therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Cancer . 1973;31:502–508
  14. Sawitsky A , Rai KR , Glidewell O , et al.   Comparison of daily versus intermittent chlorambucil and prednisone therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 1977;50:1049–1059
  15. Liepman M , Votaw ML . The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with COP chemotherapy . Cancer . 1978;41:1664–1669
  16. Montserrat E , Alcala A , Parody R , et al.   Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in advanced stages. A randomized trial comparing chlorambucil plus prednisone versus cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone . Cancer . 1985;56:2369–2375
  17. Hansen MM , Andersen E , Christensen BE , et al.   CHOP versus prednisolone + chlorambucil in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (Preliminary results of a randomized multicenter study) . Nouv Rev Fr Hematol . 1988;30:433–436
  18. Montserrat E , Alcala A , Alonso C , et al.   A randomized trial comparing chlorambucil plus prednisone vs cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and prednisone in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia stages B and C . Nouv Rev Fr Hematol . 1988;30:429–432
  19. Leukaemia FCGoCL (Long-term results of the CHOP regimen in stage C chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) . Br J Haematol . 1989;73:334–340
  20. Raphael B , Andersen JW , Silber R , et al.   Comparison of chlorambucil and prednisone versus cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone as initial treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Long-term follow-up of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group randomized clinical trial) . J Clin Oncol . 1991;9:770–776
  21. O’Brien S , Kantarjian H , Beran M , et al.   Results of fludarabine and prednisone therapy in 264 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with multivariate analysis-derived prognostic model for response to treatment . Blood . 1993;82:1695–1700
  22. Clavio M , Miglino M , Spriano M , et al.   First line Fludarabine treatment of symptomatic chronic lymphoproliferative diseases (Clinical results and molecular analysis of minimal residual disease) . Eur J Haematol . 1998;61:197–203
  23. Johnson S , Smith AG , Loffler H , et al.  The French Cooperative Group on CLL   Multicentre prospective randomised trial of fludarabine versus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (CAP) for treatment of advanced-stage chronic lymphocytic leukaemia . Lancet . 1996;347:1432–1438
  24. Leporrier M , Chevret S , Cazin B , et al.   Randomized comparison of fludarabine, CAP, and ChOP in 938 previously untreated stage B and C chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients . Blood . 2001;98:2319–2325
  25. Rai KR , Peterson BL , Appelbaum FR , et al.   Fludarabine compared with chlorambucil as primary therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia . N Engl J Med . 2000;343:1750–1757
  26. Eichhorst BF , Busch R , Stauch M , et al.   Fludarabine (F) induces higher response rates in first line therapy of older patients (pts) with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) than chlorambucil (Interim analysis of a phase III study of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG)) . Blood . 2003;102:109a; (abstr 369)
  27. Delannoy A , Martiat P , Gala JL , et al.   2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (CdA) for patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) . Leukemia . 1995;9:1130–1135
  28. Saven A , Lemon RH , Kosty M , et al.   2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine activity in patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Clin Oncol . 1995;13:570–574
  29. Robak T , Blonski JZ , Kasznicki M , et al.   Cladribine with or without prednisone in the treatment of previously treated and untreated B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia–Updated results of the multicentre study of 378 patients . Br J Haematol . 2000;108:357–368
  30. Hale G , Dyer MJ , Clark MR , et al.   Remission induction in non-Hodgkin lymphoma with reshaped human monoclonal antibody CAMPATH-1H . Lancet . 1988;2:1394–1399
  31. Keating MJ , Flinn I , Jain V , et al.   Therapeutic role of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) in patients who have failed fludarabine (Results of a large international study) . Blood . 2002;99:3554–3561
  32. Osterborg A , Dyer MJ , Bunjes D , et al.  European Study Group of CAMPATH-1H Treatment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia   Phase II multicenter study of human CD52 antibody in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Clin Oncol . 1997;15:1567–1574
  33. Pangalis GA , Dimopoulou MN , Angelopoulou MK , et al.   Campath-1H (anti-CD52) monoclonal antibody therapy in lymphoproliferative disorders . Med Oncol . 2001;18:99–107
  34. Rai KR , Freter CE , Mercier RJ , et al.   Alemtuzumab in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients who also had received fludarabine . J Clin Oncol . 2002;20:3891–3897
  35. Ferrajoli A , O’Brien SM , Cortes JE , et al.   Phase II study of alemtuzumab in chronic lymphoproliferative disorders . Cancer . 2003;98:773–778
  36. Stilgenbauer S , Winkler D , Kröber A , et al.   Subcutaneous Campath-1H (Alemtuzumab) in fludarabine-refractory CLL (Interim analysis of the CLL2H study of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG)) . Blood . 2004;104:140a; (abstr 478)
  37. Lundin J , Kimby E , Bjorkholm M , et al.   Phase II trial of subcutaneous anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) as first-line treatment for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) . Blood . 2002;100:768–773
  38. McLaughlin P , Grillo-Lopez AJ , Link BK , et al.   Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma (half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program) . J Clin Oncol . 1998;16:2825–2833
  39. Winkler U , Jensen M , Manzke O , et al.   Cytokine-release syndrome in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and high lymphocyte counts after treatment with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab, IDEC-C2B8) . Blood . 1999;94:2217–2224
  40. Nguyen DT , Amess JA , Doughty H , et al.   IDEC-C2B8 anti-CD20 (rituximab) immunotherapy in patients with low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and lymphoproliferative disorders (evaluation of response on 48 patients) . Eur J Haematol . 1999;62:76–82
  41. Huhn D , von Schilling C , Wilhelm M , et al.   Rituximab therapy of patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 2001;98:1326–1331
  42. O’Brien SM , Kantarjian H , Thomas DA , et al.   Rituximab dose-escalation trial in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Clin Oncol . 2001;19:2165–2170
  43. Byrd JC , Murphy T , Howard RS , et al.   Rituximab using a thrice weekly dosing schedule in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma demonstrates clinical activity and acceptable toxicity . J Clin Oncol . 2001;19:2153–2164
  44. Thomas DA , O’Brien S , Giles FJ , et al.   Single agent Rituxan in early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) . Blood . 2001;98:364a; (abstr 1533)
  45. Hainsworth JD , Litchy S , Barton JH , et al.   Single-agent rituximab as first-line and maintenance treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma (A phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network) . J Clin Oncol . 2003;21:1746–1751
  46. Yamauchi T , Nowak BJ , Keating MJ , et al.   DNA repair initiated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes by 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide is inhibited by fludarabine and clofarabine . Clin Cancer Res . 2001;7:3580–3589
  47. Flinn IW , Byrd JC , Morrison C , et al.   Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide with filgrastim support in patients with previously untreated indolent lymphoid malignancies . Blood . 2000;96:71–75
  48. O’Brien SM , Kantarjian HM , Cortes J , et al.   Results of the fludarabine and cyclophosphamide combination regimen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Clin Oncol . 2001;19:1414–1420
  49. Eichhorst BF , Busch R , Hopfinger G , et al.   Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide versus fludarabine alone in first-line therapy of younger patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 2006;107:885–891
  50. Flinn IW , Kumm E , Grever MR , et al.   Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide produces a higher complete response rate and more durable remissions than fudarabine in patients with previously untreated CLL (Intergroup trial E2997) . Blood . 2004;104:139a; (abstr 475)
  51. Alas S , Emmanouilides C , Bonavida B . Inhibition of interleukin 10 by rituximab results in down-regulation of bcl-2 and sensitization of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma to apoptosis . Clin Cancer Res . 2001;7:709–723
  52. Di Gaetano N , Xiao Y , Erba E . Synergism between fludarabine and rituximab revealed in a follicular lymphoma cell line resistant to the cytotoxic activity of either drug alone . Br J Haematol . 2001;114:800–809
  53. Byrd JC , Peterson BL , Morrison VA , et al.   Randomized phase 2 study of fludarabine with concurrent versus sequential treatment with rituximab in symptomatic, untreated patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9712 (CALGB 9712)) . Blood . 2003;101:6–14
  54. Byrd JC , Rai K , Peterson BL , et al.   Addition of rituximab to fludarabine may prolong progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (An updated retrospective comparative analysis of CALGB 9712 and CALGB 9011) . Blood . 2005;105:49–53
  55. Schulz H , Klein SK , Rehwald U , et al.   Phase 2 study of a combined immunochemotherapy using rituximab and fludarabine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 2002;100:3115–3120
  56. Keating MJ , O’Brien S , Albitar M , et al.   Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Clin Oncol . 2005;23:4079–4088
  57. Wierda W , O’Brien S , Wen S , et al.   Chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab for relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia . J Clin Oncol . 2005;23:4070–4078
  58. Kay NE, Geyer SM, Lin T, et al: Combination chemotherapy with pentostatin, cyclophosphamide and rituximab induces high rate of remissions including complete responses and achievement of minimal residual disease in previously untreated B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 104:100a, 2004 (abstr 339)
  59. D’Arena G , Musto P , Cascavilla N , et al.   CD38 expression correlates with adverse biological features and predicts poor clinical outcome in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Leuk Lymphoma . 2001;42:109–114
  60. Hallek M , Wanders L , Ostwald M , et al.   Serum beta(2)-microglobulin and serum thymidine kinase are independent predictors of progression-free survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and immunocytoma . Leuk Lymphoma . 1996;22:439–447
  61. Sarfati M , Chevret S , Chastang C , et al.   Prognostic importance of serum soluble CD23 level in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 1996;88:4259–4264
  62. Dohner H , Stilgenbauer S , Benner A , et al.   Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . N Engl J Med . 2000;343:1910–1916
  63. Byrd JC , Gribben JG , Peterson B , et al.   Select high risk genetic features predict earlier progression following chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine and rituximab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (Preliminary justification for risk-adapted rherapy) . Blood . 2004;104:139a; (abstr 476)
  64. Catovsky D , Richards S , Matutes E , et al.   Response to therapy and survival in CLL is influenced by genetic markers. Preliminary analysis from the LRF CLL4 trial . Blood . 2004;104:8a; (abstr 13)
  65. O’Brien SM , Kantarjian HM , Thomas DA , et al.   Alemtuzumab as treatment for residual disease after chemotherapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Cancer . 2003;98:2657–2663
  66. Montillo M , Cafro AM , Tedeschi A , et al.   Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous Campath-1H for treating residual disease in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia responding to fludarabine . Haematologica . 2002;87:695–700
  67. Galimberti S , Cervetti G , Cecconi N , et al.   Quantitative molecular evaluation of minimal residual disease in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Efficacy of in vivo purging by alemtuzumab (Campath-1H)) . J Immunother . 2004;27:389–393
  68. Wendtner CM , Ritgen M , Schweighofer CD , et al.   Consolidation with alemtuzumab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in first remission—Experience on safety and efficacy within a randomized multicenter phase III trial of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG) . Leukemia . 2004;18:1093–1101
  69. Ritgen M , Schweighofer C , Fingerle-Rowson G , et al.   Consolidation with alemtuzumab in first remission Inducespronounced MRD reduction and clinical remissions—Update on a randomized phase III trial of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG) . Blood . 2004;104:687a; (abstr 2506)
  70. Montillo M , Tedeschi A , Rossi V , et al.   Alemtuzumab as consolidation after a response to fludarabine is effective to purge residual disease in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Blood . 2004;104:140a; (abstr 479)

PII: S0093-7754(06)00023-6

doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2006.01.014

Seminars in Oncology
Volume 33, Issue 2 , Pages 202-209 , April 2006

Article Tools