Seminars in Oncology
Volume 33 , Pages 9-14 , June 2006

Circulating Tumor Cells, Disease Progression, and Survival in Metastatic Breast Cancer

  • Massimo Cristofanilli

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Massimo Cristofanilli, MD, FACP, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Unit 1354, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030-4009.

References 

  1. National Cancer Institute: SEER Cancer Statistics Review (1975-2000). Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2000. Accessed September 2005.
  2. Folkman J . Tumor angiogenesis (Therapeutic implications) . N Engl J Med . 1971;285:1182–1186
  3. Clare SE , Sener SF , Wilkens W , et al.   Prognostic significance of occult lymph node metastases in node-negative breast cancer . Ann Surg Oncol . 1997;4:447–451
  4. Braun S , Pantel K , Müller P , et al.   Cytokeratin-positive cells in the bone marrow and survival of patients with stage I, II or III breast cancer . N Engl J Med . 2000;342:525–533
  5. Cristofanilli M , Budd GT , Ellis M , et al.   Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer . N Engl J Med . 2004;351:781–791
  6. Reed W , Bohler PJ , Sandstad B , et al.   Occult metastases in axillary lymph nodes as a predictor of survival in node-negative breast carcinoma with long-term follow-up . Breast J . 2004;10:174–180
  7. Singletary SE , Allred C , Ashley P , et al.   Staging system for breast cancer (revisions for the 6th edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual) . Surg Clin North Am . 2003;83:803–819
  8. Ashworth TR . A case of cancer in which cells similar to those in the tumours were seen in the blood after death . Aust Med J . 1869;14:146–149
  9. Roberts S , Watne A , McGrath R , et al.   Technique and results of isolation of cancer cells from the circulating blood . AMA Arch Surg . 1958;76:334–346
  10. Long L , Jonasson O , Roberts S , et al.   Cancer cells in blood. Results of simplified isolation technique . Arch Surg . 1960;80:910–919
  11. Bossolasco P , Ricci C , Farina G , et al.   Detection of micrometastatic cells in breast cancer by RT-PCR for the mammaglobin gene . Cancer Detect Prev . 2002;26:60–63
  12. Hawes D , Neville AM , Cote RJ . Occult metastasis . Biomed Pharmacother . 2001;55:229–242
  13. Hu XC , Chow LW . Detection of circulating breast cancer cells with multiple-marker RT-PCR assay . Anticancer Res . 2001;21:421–424
  14. An XY , Egami H , Hayashi N , et al.   Clinical significance of circulating cancer cells in peripheral blood detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in patients with breast cancer . Tohoku J Exp Med . 2001;193:153–162
  15. Gross HJ , Verwer B , Houck D , et al.   Model study detecting breast cancer cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at frequencies as low as 10(-7) . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1995;92:537–541
  16. Martin KJ , Graner E , Li Y , et al.   High-sensitivity array analysis of gene expression for the early detection of disseminated breast tumor cells in peripheral blood . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2001;98:2646–2651
  17. Racila E , Euhus D , Weiss AJ , et al.   Detection and characterization of carcinoma cells in the blood . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1998;95:4589–4594
  18. Witzig TE , Bossy B , Kimlinger T , et al.   Detection of circulating cytokeratin-positive cells in the blood of breast cancer patients using immunomagnetic enrichment and digital microscopy . Clin Cancer Res . 2002;8:1085–1091
  19. Pachmann K , Heiss P , Demel U , et al.   Detection and quantification of small numbers of circulating tumour cells in peripheral blood using laser scanning cytometer (LSC) . Clin Chem Lab Med . 2001;39:811–817
  20. Austrup F , Uciechowski P , Eder C , et al.   Prognostic value of genomic alterations in minimal residual cancer cells purified from the blood of breast cancer patients . Br J Cancer . 2001;83:1664–1673
  21. Kagan M , Howard D , Bendele T , et al.   A sample preparation and analysis system for identification of circulating tumor cells . J Clin Ligand Assay . 2002;25:104–110
  22. Terstappen LW , Rao C , Gross S , et al.   Peripheral blood tumor cell load reflects the clinical activity of the disease in patients with carcinoma of the breast . Int J Oncol . 2000;17:573–578
  23. Cristofanilli M , Hayes DF , Budd GT , et al.   Circulating tumor cells (A novel prognostic factor for newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer) . J Clin Oncol . 2005;23:1420–1430
  24. Cristofanilli M , Budd GT , Ellis MJ , et al.   Presence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) predicts rapid progression and poor prognosis . J Clin Oncol . 2003;23:16S; abstr
  25. Denoix PF , Baclesse F . Proposed clinical classification of breast cancers; Statement of the International Cancer Union . Bull Assoc Fr Etud Cancer . 1955;42:433–440
  26. International Union Against Cancer (UICC) (TMN Classification of Malignant Tumours) . Geneva: UICC; 1968;
  27. Berndt H , Titze U . TNM clinical stage classification of breast cancer . Int J Cancer . 1969;4:837–844
  28. Greene FL , Page DI , Fleming ID , et al.   AJCC Cancer Staging Manual . (ed 6).. New York, NY: Springer; 2002;
  29. Ellis M , Hayes DF , Lippman ME . Treatment of metastatic disease . In:  Harris J ,  Lippman M ,  Morrow M , et al. editor. Diseases of the Breast . (ed 2).. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 2000;p. 749–799
  30. Greenberg PA , Hortobagyi GN , Smith TL , et al.   Long-term follow-up of patients with complete remission following combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer . J Clin Oncol . 1996;14:2197–2205
  31. Nieto Y , Cagnoni PJ , Shpall EJ , et al.   Phase II trial of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplant for stage IV breast cancer with minimal metastatic disease . Clin Cancer Res . 1999;5:1731–1737
  32. Rivera E , Holmes FA , Buzdar AU , et al.   Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide followed by tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for patients with stage IV breast cancer who have no evidence of disease . Breast J . 2002;8:2–9
  33. Swenerton KD , Legha SS , Smith L , et al.   Prognostic factors in metastatic breast cancer treated with combination chemotherapy . Cancer Res . 1979;39:1552–1562
  34. Hortobagyi GN , Smith TL , Legha SS , et al.   Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in metastatic breast cancer . J Clin Oncol . 1983;1:776–786
  35. Bernard-Marty C , Cardoso F , Piccart MJ . Facts and controversies in systemic treatment of metastatic breast cancer . Oncologist . 2004;9:617–632
  36. Sledge GW , Neuberg D , Ingle J , et al.   Phase III trial of doxorubicin, paclitaxel and the combination of doxorubicin and paclitaxel as front-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) (An Intergroup trial (E1193)) . J Clin Oncol . 2003;21:588–592
  37. O’Shaughnessy J , Miles D , Vukelja S , et al.   Superior survival with capecitabine plus docetaxel combination therapy in anthracycline-pretreated patients with advanced breast cancer (Phase III trial results) . J Clin Oncol . 2002;20:2812–2823
  38. O’Shaughnessy J , Nag S , Calderillo-Ruiz G , et al.   Gemcitabine plus paclitaxel versus paclitaxel as first-line treatment for anthracycline pre-treated metastatic breast cancer (Interim results of a global phase III study) . Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol . 2003;22:7; abstr
  39. Hancock W , Apffel A , Chakel J , et al.   Integrated genomic/proteonomic analysis . Anal Chem . 1999;71:742–748
  40. Marshall A , Hodgson J . DNA chips (An array of possibilities) . Nat Biotechnol . 1998;16:27–31
  41. Page MJ , Amess B , Townsend RR , et al.   Proteonomic definition of normal human luminal and myoepithelial breast cells purified from reduction mammoplasties . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1999;96:12589–12594
  42. Pusztai L , Ayers M , Stec J , et al.   Gene expression profiles obtained from fine-needle aspirations of breast cancer reliably identify routine prognostic markers and reveal large-scale molecular differences between estrogen-negative and estrogen-positive tumors . Clin Cancer Res . 2003;9:2406–2415
  43. Meng S , Tripathy D , Frenkel EP , et al.   Circulating tumor cells in patients with breast cancer dormancy . Clin Cancer Res . 2004;10:8152–8162
  44. Lin DW , Holcomb I , Arfman EW , et al.   Detection, isolation and initial characterization of disseminated tumor cells following enrichment in patients with prostate cancer . Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res . 2005;46:97; abstr 419
  45. Kimura H , Fukumoto H , Park S , et al.   Deletional mutant EGFR detected in circulating tumor-derived DNA from lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib . Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res . 2005;46:112; abstr 479
  46. Smirnov DA , Zweitzig DR , Foulk BW , et al.   Global gene expression profiling of circulating tumor cells . Cancer Res . 2005;65:4993–4997
  47. Wolf AM , Wolf D , Steurer M , et al.   Increase of regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients . Clin Cancer Res . 2003;9:606–612
  48. Liyanage UK , Moore TT , Joo H-G , et al.   Prevalence of regulatory T cells is increased in peripheral blood and tumor microenvironment of patients with pancreas or breast adenocarcinoma . J Immunol . 2002;169:2756–2761
  49. Pockaj BA , Basu GD , Pathangey LB , et al.   Reduced T-cell and dendritic cell function is related to cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression and prostaglandin E2 secretion in patients with breast cancer . Ann Surg Oncol . 2004;11:328–339
  50. Dunn GP , Old LJ , Schreiber RD . The three Es of cancer immunoediting . Annu Rev Immunol . 2004;22:329–360
  51. Blixt O , Head S , Mondala T , et al.   Printed covalent glycan array for ligand profiling of diverse glycan binding proteins . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2004;101:17033–17038
  52. Huflejt M , Cristofanilli M , Shaw L , et al.   Detection of neoplasia-specific clusters of anti-glycan antibodies in sera of breast cancer patients using a novel glycan array . Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res . 2005;46:1312; abstr 5578

PII: S0093-7754(06)00136-9

doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2006.03.016

Seminars in Oncology
Volume 33 , Pages 9-14 , June 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution