Seminars in Oncology
Volume 35, Issue 4 , Pages 401-409 , August 2008

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Management

  • Francesco Lo-Coco

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biopathology, University “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Francesco Lo-Coco, MD, Department of Biopathology, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Roma, Italy.
  • ,
  • Emanuele Ammatuna

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biopathology, University “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy.
  • ,
  • Pau Montesinos

      Affiliations

    • Hematology Service, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
  • ,
  • Miguel Angel Sanz

      Affiliations

    • Hematology Service, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.

References 

  1. Tallman MS, Nabhan Ch, Feusner JH, et al. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: evolving therapeutic strategies. Blood. 2002;99:759–767
  2. Lo Coco F, Ammatuna E. The biology of acute promyelocytic leukemia and its impact on diagnosis and treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006;156–161
  3. Sanz MA. Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006;147–155
  4. Douer D, Tallman MS. Arsenic trioxide: new clinical experience with an old medication in hematological malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2396–2410
  5. Ribeiro RC, Rego E. Management of APL in developing countries: epidemiology, challenges and opportunities for international collaboration. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006;162–168
  6. Matasar MJ, Ritchie EK, Consedine N, et al. Incidence rates of acute promyelocytic leukemia among Hispanics, blacks, Asians, and non-Hispanic whites in the United States. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006;15:367–370
  7. Paietta E, Goloubeva O, Neuberg D, et al. A surrogate marker profile for PML/RAR alpha expressing acute promyelocytic leukemia and the association of immunophenotypic markers with morphologic and molecular subtypes. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2004;59:1–9
  8. Albano F, Mestice A, Pannunzio A, et al. The biological characteristics of CD34+ CD2+ adult acute promyelocytic leukemia and the CD34 CD2 hypergranular (M3) and microgranular (M3v) phenotypes. Haematologica. 2006;91:311–316
  9. Gale RE, Hills R, Pizzey AR, et al. Relationship between FLT3 mutation status, biologic characteristics, and response to targeted therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2005;106:3768–3776
  10. Mandelli F, Avvisati G, Lo Coco F. Advances in the understanding and management of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Rev Clin Exp Hematol. 2002;6:60–71
  11. Sanz MA, Tallman MS, Lo-Coco F. Practice points, consensus, and controversial issues in the management of patients with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Oncologist. 2005;10:806–814
  12. Sanz MA, Tallman MS, Lo-Coco F. Tricks of the trade for the appropriate management of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2005;105:3019–3025
  13. Falanga A, Barbui T. Coagulopathy of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Acta Haematol. 2001;106:43–51
  14. Gomis F, Sanz J, Sempere A, et al. Immunofluorescent analysis with the anti-PML monoclonal antibody PG-M3 for rapid and accurate genetic diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Ann Hematol. 2004;83:687–690
  15. Adès L, Chevret S, Raffoux E, et al. Is cytarabine useful in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia? (Results of a randomized trial from the European Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Group). J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:5703–5710
  16. Ades L, Sanz MA, Chevret S, et al. Treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): a comparison of French-Belgian-Swiss and PETHEMA results. Blood. 2007;111:1078–1086
  17. Lo-Coco F, Breccia M, Diverio D. The importance of molecular monitoring in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2003;16:503–520
  18. Sanz MA, Martín G, González M, et al. Risk-adapted treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans retinoic acid and anthracycline monochemotherapy: a multicenter study by the PETHEMA Group. Blood. 2004;103:1237–1243
  19. Lo-Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M, et al. Front-line treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with AIDA induction followed by risk-adapted consolidation: results of the AIDA-2000 trial of the Italian GIMEMA group [abstract]. Blood. 2004;104:392a
  20. Asou N, Kishimoto Y, Kiyoi H, et al. Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group (A randomized study with or without intensified maintenance chemotherapy in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia who have become negative for PML-RARalpha transcript after consolidation therapy: the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group (JALSG) APL97 study). Blood. 2007;110:59–66
  21. Avvisati G, Petti MC, Lo Coco F, et al. AIDA: the Italian way of treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) [abstract]. Blood. 2003;102:142a
  22. Grimwade D, Lo-Coco F. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: a model for the role of molecular diagnosis and residual disease monitoring in directing treatment approach in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2002;16:1959–1973
  23. Breccia M, Diverio D, Noguera NI, et al. Clinico-biological features and outcome of acute promyelocytic leukemia patients with persistent polymerase chain reaction-detectable disease after the AIDA front-line induction and consolidation therapy. Haematologica. 2004;89:29–33
  24. Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Kopecky K, et al. Revised recommendations of the International Working Group for Diagnosis, Standardization of Response Criteria, Treatment Outcomes, and Reporting Standards for Therapeutic Trials in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4642–4649
  25. Gallagher RE, Yeap BY, Bi W, et al. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis of PML-RAR alpha mRNA in acute promyelocytic leukemia: assessment of prognostic significance in adult patients from intergroup protocol 0129. Blood. 2003;101:2521–2528
  26. Lee S, Kim YJ, Eom KS, et al. The significance of minimal residual disease kinetics in adults with newly diagnosed PML-RARalpha-positive acute promyelocytic leukemia: results of a prospective trial. Haematologica. 2006;91:671–674
  27. Miller WH, Schipper HM, Lee JS, et al. Mechanisms of action of arsenic trioxide. Cancer Res. 2002;62:3893–3903
  28. Douer D, Tallman MS. Arsenic trioxide: new clinical experience with an old medication in hematologic malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2396–2410
  29. Chen Z, Zhao WL, Shen ZX, et al. Arsenic trioxide and acute promyelocytic leukemia: clinical and biological. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2007;313:129–144
  30. Shen ZX, Shi ZZ, Fang J, et al. All-trans retinoic acid/As2O3 combination yields a high quality remission and survival in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:5328–5335
  31. Estey E, Garcia-Manero G, Ferrajoli A, et al. Use of all-trans retinoic acid plus arsenic trioxide as an alternative to chemotherapy in untreated acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2006;107:3469–3473
  32. Mathews V, George B, Lakshmi KM, et al. Single-agent arsenic trioxide in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia: durable remissions with minimal toxicity. Blood. 2006;107:2627–2632
  33. Ghavamzadeh A, Alimoghaddam K, Ghaffari SH, et al. Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia without ATRA and/or chemotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2006;17:131–134
  34. B. L. Powell L, Moser B, Stock W. Effect of consolidation with arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on event-free survival (OS) among patients with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukaemia [abstract]. J Clin Oncol, 2007 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings. 2007:2
  35. Tallman MS. Treatment of relapsed or refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2007;20:57–65
  36. Lo-Coco F, Cimino G, Breccia M, et al. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) as a single agent for molecularly relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2004;104:1995–1999
  37. Esteve J, Escoda L, Nartin G, et al. Outcome of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia failing to front-line treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and anthracycline-based chemotherapy (PETHEMA protocols LPA96 and LPA99): benefit of an early intervention. Leukemia. 2007;21:446–452

PII: S0093-7754(08)00120-6

doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2008.04.010

Seminars in Oncology
Volume 35, Issue 4 , Pages 401-409 , August 2008