Seminars in Oncology
Volume 36, Issue 5 , Pages 381-418 , October 2009

Lymphoma in Adolescents and Young Adults

  • Samantha M. Jaglowski

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Hematology and Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
  • ,
  • Erica Linden

      Affiliations

    • Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
  • ,
  • Amanda M. Termuhlen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
  • ,
  • Joseph M. Flynn

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Hematology and Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Joseph M. Flynn, DO, MPH, B302 Starling-Loving Hall, 320 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210

References 

  1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer Statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009;59:225–249
  2. Percy C, Smith MA, Linet M, Gloeckler Ries LA, Friedman DL. In: Lymphomas and Reticuloendothelial Neoplasms. ICCCII. National Cancer Institute SEER Pediatric Monograph. Bethesda, MD: NCI; 2009;p. 35–50
  3. Percy C, O'Conor G, Ries LG, Jaffe ES. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (Application of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) to the Working Formulation). Cancer. 1984;54:1435–1438
  4. Bleyer A. The adolescent and young adult gap in cancer care and outcome. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2005;35:182–217
  5. Clarke CA, Glaser SL. Changing incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States. Cancer. 2002;94:2015–2023
  6. A clinical evaluation of the International Lymphoma Study Group classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Classification Project. Blood. 1997;89:3909–3918
  7. Stansfeld AG, Diebold J, Noel H, Kapanci Y, Rilke F, Kelenyi G, et al. Updated Kiel classification for lymphomas. Lancet. 1988;1:292–293
  8. Lukes RJ, Collins RD. Immunologic characterization of human malignant lymphomas. Cancer. 1974;34:Suppl:1488-503
  9. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, Banks PM, Chan JK, Cleary ML, et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood. 1994;84:1361–1392
  10. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J, Flandrin G, Muller-Hermelink HK, Vardiman J, et al. World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting-Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:3835–3849
  11. Harris NL, Swerdlow SH, Jaffe ES, Ott G, Nathwani BN, De Jong D, et al. Who Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Vol 4. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2008;
  12. Zeppa P, Marino G, Troncone G, Fulciniti F, De Renzo A, Picardi M, et al. Fine-needle cytology and flow cytometry immunophenotyping and subclassification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a critical review of 307 cases with technical suggestions. Cancer. 2004;102:55–65
  13. Dong HY, Harris NL, Preffer FI, Pitman MB. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and classification of primary and recurrent lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of the utility of cytomorphology and flow cytometry. Mod Pathol. 2001;14:472–481
  14. Hehn ST, Grogan TM, Miller TP. Utility of fine-needle aspiration as a diagnostic technique in lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3046–3052
  15. Ravinsky E, Morales C. Diagnosis of lymphoma by image-guided needle biopsies: fine needle aspiration biopsy, core biopsy or both?. Acta Cytol. 2005;49:51–57
  16. Slap GB, Brooks JS, Schwartz JS. When to perform biopsies of enlarged peripheral lymph nodes in young patients. JAMA. 1984;252:1321–1326
  17. Murphy SB, Hustu HO, Rivera G, Berard CW. End results of treating children with localized non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with a combined modality approach of lessened intensity. J Clin Oncol. 1983;1:326–330
  18. Carbone PP, Kaplan HS, Musshoff K, Smithers DW, Tubiana M. Report of the Committee on Hodgkin's Disease Staging Classification. Cancer Res. 1971;31:1860–1861
  19. A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (The International Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project). N Engl J Med. 1993;329:987–994
  20. Murphy SB. Classification, staging and end results of treatment of childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: dissimilarities from lymphomas in adults. Semin Oncol. 1980;7:332–339
  21. O’Leary M, Sheaffer J, Keller F, Shu X-O, Cheson B. Lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms. In:  Bleyer A,  O’Leary M,  Barr R,  Ries LAG editor. Cancer epidemiology in older adolescents and young adults 15 to 29 years of age, including SEER incidence and survival: 1975-2000 (NIH Pub. No. 06-5767). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2006;
  22. Sandlund JT, Downing JR, Crist WM. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1238–1248
  23. Stein H, Warnke R, Chan WC, Jaffe E, Chan JK, Gatter K, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Vol 4. Lyon: IARC; 2008;
  24. Burkhardt B, Zimmermann M, Oschlies I, Niggli F, Mann G, Parwaresch R, et al. The impact of age and gender on biology, clinical features and treatment outcome of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood and adolescence. Br J Haematol. 2005;131:39–49
  25. Grulich AE, Vajdic CM, Cozen W. Altered immunity as a risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16:405–408
  26. Kumar V, Abbas A, Fausto N. Neoplastic Proliferations of white cells. In:  Kumar V editors. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. 7th ed.. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2005;p. 598–620
  27. Dick F, VanLier S, Banks P, Frizzera G, Witrak G, Gibson R, et al. Use of the Working Formulation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in epidemiologic studies: agreement between reported diagnoses and a panel of experienced pathologists. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987;78:1137–1144
  28. Classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Reproducibility of major classification systems (NCI non-Hodgkin's Classification Project Writing Committee). Cancer. 1985;55:91–95
  29. Pietersma F, Piriou E, van Baarle D. Immune surveillance of EBV-infected B cells and the development of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in immunocompromised patients. Leuk Lymphoma. 2008;49:1028–1041
  30. Stein H, Foss HD, Durkop H, Marafioti T, Delsol G, Pulford K, et al. CD30(+) anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a review of its histopathologic, genetic, and clinical features. Blood. 2000;96:3681–3695
  31. Alizadeh AA, Eisen MB, Davis RE, Ma C, Lossos IS, Rosenwald A, et al. Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature. 2000;403:503–511
  32. Rosenwald A, Wright G, Chan WC, Connors JM, Campo E, Fisher RI, et al. The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1937–1947
  33. Lossos IS, Jones CD, Warnke R, Natkunam Y, Kaizer H, Zehnder JL, et al. Expression of a single gene, BCL-6, strongly predicts survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2001;98:945–951
  34. Muris JJ, Meijer CJ, Vos W, van Krieken JH, Jiwa NM, Ossenkoppele GL, et al. Immunohistochemical profiling based on Bcl-2, CD10 and MUM1 expression improves risk stratification in patients with primary nodal diffuse large B cell lymphoma. J Pathol. 2006;208:714–723
  35. Iqbal J, Sanger WG, Horsman DE, Rosenwald A, Pickering DL, Dave B, et al. BCL2 translocation defines a unique tumor subset within the germinal center B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Pathol. 2004;165:159–166
  36. Oschlies I, Klapper W, Zimmermann M, Krams M, Wacker HH, Burkhardt B, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in pediatric patients belongs predominantly to the germinal-center type B-cell lymphomas: a clinicopathologic analysis of cases included in the German BFM (Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster) multicenter trial. Blood. 2006;107:4047–4052
  37. Dave BJ, Weisenburger DD, Higgins CM, Pickering DL, Hess MM, Chan WC, et al. Cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in children and young adults. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2004;153:115–121
  38. Miles RR, Raphael M, McCarthy K, Wotherspoon A, Lones MA, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, et al. Pediatric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma demonstrates a high proliferation index, frequent c-myc protein expression, and a high incidence of germinal center subtype: report of the French-American-British (FAB) international study group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;51:369–374
  39. Poirel HA, Cairo MS, Heerema NA, Swansbury J, Auperin A, Launay E, et al. Specific cytogenetic abnormalities are associated with a significantly inferior outcome in children and adolescents with mature B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: results of the FAB/LMB 96 international study. Leukemia. 2009;23:323–331
  40. Fisher RI, Gaynor ER, Dahlberg S, Oken MM, Grogan TM, Mize EM, et al. Comparison of a standard regimen (CHOP) with three intensive chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1002–1006
  41. Seshadri T, Kuruvilla J, Crump M, Keating A. Salvage therapy for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2008;14:259–267
  42. Philip T, Armitage JO, Spitzer G, Chauvin F, Jagannath S, Cahn JY, et al. High-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation after failure of conventional chemotherapy in adults with intermediate-grade or high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1493–1498
  43. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Tiemann M, Ludwig WD, Yakisan E, Zimmermann M, et al. Improved treatment results in childhood B-cell neoplasms with tailored intensification of therapy: a report of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster group trial NHL-BFM 90. Blood. 1999;94:3294–3306
  44. Patte C, Auperin A, Michon J, Behrendt H, Leverger G, Frappaz D, et al. The Societe Francaise d'Oncologie Pediatrique LMB89 protocol: highly effective multiagent chemotherapy tailored to the tumor burden and initial response in 561 unselected children with B-cell lymphomas and L3 leukemia. Blood. 2001;97:3370–3379
  45. Moleti ML, Testi AM, Giona F, Malandruccolo L, Pescarmona E, Martino P, et al. CODOX-M/IVAC (NCI 89-C-41) in children and adolescents with Burkitt's leukemia/lymphoma and large B-cell lymphomas: a 15-year monocentric experience. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007;48:551–559
  46. Patte C, Auperin A, Gerrard M, Michon J, Pinkerton R, Sposto R, et al. Results of the randomized international FAB/LMB96 trial for intermediate risk B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents: it is possible to reduce treatment for the early responding patients. Blood. 2007;109:2773–2780
  47. Devita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA. cancer: principles and practice of oncology. In: Devita , Hellman , Rosenberg's  editor. Mature B-cell neoplasms. 8th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008;p. 2130–2131
  48. Kanavaros P, Gaulard P, Charlotte F, Martin N, Ducos C, Lebezu M, et al. Discordant expression of immunoglobulin and its associated molecule mb-1/CD79a is frequently found in mediastinal large B cell lymphomas. Am J Pathol. 1995;146:735–741
  49. Savage KJ, Monti S, Kutok JL, Cattoretti G, Neuberg D, De Leval L, et al. The molecular signature of mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma differs from that of other diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and shares features with classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2003;102:3871–3879
  50. Burkitt DP. The discovery of Burkitt's lymphoma. Cancer. 1983;51:1777–1786
  51. Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM. Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. Lancet. 1964;1:702–703
  52. Magrath IT. African Burkitt's lymphoma (History, biology, clinical features, and treatment). Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1991;13:222–246
  53. Muller AM, Ihorst G, Mertelsmann R, Engelhardt M. Epidemiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL): trends, geographic distribution, and etiology. Ann Hematol. 2005;84:1–12
  54. Hecht JL, Aster JC. Molecular biology of Burkitt's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3707–3721
  55. Blum KA, Lozanski G, Byrd JC. Adult Burkitt leukemia and lymphoma. Blood. 2004;104:3009–3020
  56. Agsalda M, Kusao I, Troelstrup D, Shiramizu B. Screening for residual disease in pediatric Burkitt lymphoma using consensus primer pools. E-pub ahead of print. 2009;doi: 10.1155/2009/412163
  57. Greiner TC, Medeiros LJ, Jaffe ES. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer. 1995;75:370–380
  58. National Cancer Institute sponsored study of classifications of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. summary and description of a working formulation for clinical usage (The Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Pathologic Classification Project). Cancer. 1982;49:2112–2135
  59. Leoncini L, Raphael M, Stein H, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Kluin PM. Burkitt lymphoma. Vol 4. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2008;
  60. Bellan C, Lazzi S, De Falco G, Nyongo A, Giordano A, Leoncini L. Burkitt's lymphoma: new insights into molecular pathogenesis. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56:188–192
  61. Cairo MS, Sposto R, Perkins SL, Meadows AT, Hoover-Regan ML, Anderson JR, et al. Burkitt's and Burkitt-like lymphoma in children and adolescents: a review of the Children's Cancer Group experience. Br J Haematol. 2003;120:660–670
  62. Wollner N. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1976;23:371–378
  63. Wollner N, Exelby PR, Lieberman PH. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children: a progress report on the original patients treated with the LSA2-L2 protocol. Cancer. 1979;44:1990–1999
  64. Patte C, Philip T, Rodary C, Bernard A, Zucker JM, Bernard JL, et al. Improved survival rate in children with stage III and IV B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia using multi-agent chemotherapy: results of a study of 114 children from the French Pediatric Oncology Society. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4:1219–1226
  65. Patte C, Philip T, Rodary C, Zucker JM, Behrendt H, Gentet JC, et al. High survival rate in advanced-stage B-cell lymphomas and leukemias without CNS involvement with a short intensive polychemotherapy: results from the French Pediatric Oncology Society of a randomized trial of 216 children. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9:123–132
  66. Sullivan MP, Boyett J, Pullen J, Crist W, Doering EJ, Trueworthy R, et al. Pediatric Oncology Group experience with modified LSA2-L2 therapy in 107 children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Burkitt's lymphoma excluded). Cancer. 1985;55:323–336
  67. Schwenn MR, Blattner SR, Lynch E, Weinstein HJ. HiC-COM: a 2-month intensive chemotherapy regimen for children with stage III and IV Burkitt's lymphoma and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9:133–138
  68. Spreafico F, Massimino M, Luksch R, Casanova M, Cefalo GS, Collini P, et al. Intensive, very short-term chemotherapy for advanced Burkitt's lymphoma in children. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:2783–2788
  69. Magrath IT, Janus C, Edwards BK, Spiegel R, Jaffe ES, Berard CW, et al. An effective therapy for both undifferentiated (including Burkitt's) lymphomas and lymphoblastic lymphomas in children and young adults. Blood. 1984;63:1102–1111
  70. Bowman WP, Shuster JJ, Cook B, Griffin T, Behm F, Pullen J, et al. Improved survival for children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and stage IV small noncleaved-cell lymphoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:1252–1261
  71. Cairo MS, Gerrard M, Sposto R, Auperin A, Pinkerton CR, Michon J, et al. Results of a randomized international study of high-risk central nervous system B non-Hodgkin lymphoma and B acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and adolescents. Blood. 2007;109:2736–2743
  72. Mead GM, Sydes MR, Walewski J, Grigg A, Hatton CS, Pescosta N, et al. An international evaluation of CODOX-M and CODOX-M alternating with IVAC in adult Burkitt's lymphoma: results of United Kingdom Lymphoma Group LY06 study. Ann Oncol. 2002;13:1264–1274
  73. Bernstein JI, Coleman CN, Strickler JG, Dorfman RF, Rosenberg SA. Combined modality therapy for adults with small noncleaved cell lymphoma (Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's types). J Clin Oncol. 1986;4:847–858
  74. Todeschini G, Tecchio C, Degani D, Meneghini V, Marradi P, Balter R, et al. Eighty-one percent event-free survival in advanced Burkitt's lymphoma/leukemia: no differences in outcome between pediatric and adult patients treated with the same intensive pediatric protocol. Ann Oncol. 1997;8:Suppl 1:77-81
  75. Magrath I, Adde M, Shad A, Venzon D, Seibel N, Gootenberg J, et al. Adults and children with small non-cleaved-cell lymphoma have a similar excellent outcome when treated with the same chemotherapy regimen. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:925–934
  76. Thomas DA, Cortes J, O'Brien S, Pierce S, Faderl S, Albitar M, et al. Hyper-CVAD program in Burkitt's-type adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2461–2470
  77. Thomas DA, Faderl S, O'Brien S, Bueso-Ramos C, Cortes J, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with hyper-CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and Burkitt-type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2006;106:1569–1580
  78. Lorsbach RB, Shay-Seymore D, Moore J, Banks PM, Hasserjian RP, Sandlund JT, et al. Clinicopathologic analysis of follicular lymphoma occurring in children. Blood. 2002;99:1959–1964
  79. Frizzera G, Murphy SB. Follicular (nodular) lymphoma in childhood: a rare clinical-pathological entity. Report of eight cases from four cancer centers. Cancer. 1979;44:2218–2235
  80. Diaz-Alderete A, Doval A, Camacho F, Verde L, Sabin P, Arranz-Saez R, et al. Frequency of BCL2 and BCL6 translocations in follicular lymphoma: relation with histological and clinical features. Leuk Lymphoma. 2008;49:95–101
  81. Harris NL, Swerdlow SH, Jaffe ES, Ott G, Nathwani BN, De Jong D, et al. In: Follicular lymphoma (WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues). 4th ed.. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); 2008;p. 220–226
  82. Ott G, Katzenberger T, Lohr A, Kindelberger S, Rudiger T, Wilhelm M, et al. Cytomorphologic, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic profiles of follicular lymphoma: 2 types of follicular lymphoma grade 3. Blood. 2002;99:3806–3812
  83. Arber DA, George TI. Bone marrow biopsy involvement by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: frequency of lymphoma types, patterns, blood involvement, and discordance with other sites in 450 specimens. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:1549–1557
  84. Jennings CD, Foon KA. Recent advances in flow cytometry: application to the diagnosis of hematologic malignancy. Blood. 1997;90:2863–2892
  85. Winter JN, Gascoyne RD, Van Besien K. Low-grade lymphoma. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2004;203–220
  86. Aster JC, Longtine JA. Detection of BCL2 rearrangements in follicular lymphoma. Am J Pathol. 2002;160:759–763
  87. d'Amore F, Chan E, Iqbal J, Geng H, Young K, Xiao L, et al. Clonal evolution in t(14;18)-positive follicular lymphoma, evidence for multiple common pathways, and frequent parallel clonal evolution. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:7180–7187
  88. de Jong D. Molecular pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma: a cross talk of genetic and immunologic factors. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6358–6363
  89. Yang E, Korsmeyer SJ. Molecular thanatopsis: a discourse on the BCL2 family and cell death. Blood. 1996;88:386–401
  90. Lopez-Guillermo A, Cabanillas F, McDonnell TI, McLaughlin P, Smith T, Pugh W, et al. Correlation of bcl-2 rearrangement with clinical characteristics and outcome in indolent follicular lymphoma. Blood. 1999;93:3081–3087
  91. Lopez-Guillermo A, Cabanillas F, McLaughlin P, Smith T, Hagemeister F, Rodriguez MA, et al. The clinical significance of molecular response in indolent follicular lymphomas. Blood. 1998;91:2955–2960
  92. Shaffer AL, Yu X, He Y, Boldrick J, Chan EP, Staudt LM. BCL-6 represses genes that function in lymphocyte differentiation, inflammation, and cell cycle control. Immunity. 2000;13:199–212
  93. Jardin F, Gaulard P, Buchonnet G, Contentin N, Lepretre S, Lenain P, et al. Follicular lymphoma without t(14;18) and with BCL-6 rearrangement: a lymphoma subtype with distinct pathological, molecular and clinical characteristics. Leukemia. 2002;16:2309–2317
  94. Solal-Celigny P, Roy P, Colombat P, White J, Armitage JO, Arranz-Saez R, et al. Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index. Blood. 2004;104:1258–1265
  95. Solal-Celigny P, Lepage E, Brousse N, Tendler CL, Brice P, Haioun C, et al. Doxorubicin-containing regimen with or without interferon alfa-2b for advanced follicular lymphomas: final analysis of survival and toxicity in the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes Folliculaires 86 trial. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:2332–2338
  96. Pileri SA, Sabattini E, Rosito P, Zinzani PL, Ascani S, Fraternali-Orcioni G, et al. Primary follicular lymphoma of the testis in childhood: an entity with peculiar clinical and molecular characteristics. J Clin Pathol. 2002;55:684–688
  97. Friedberg JW, Taylor MD, Cerhan JR, Flowers CR, Dillon H, Farber CM, et al. Follicular lymphoma in the United States: first report of the national LymphoCare study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1202–1208
  98. Ardeshna KM, Smith P, Norton A, Hancock BW, Hoskin PJ, MacLennan KA, et al. Long-term effect of a watch and wait policy versus immediate systemic treatment for asymptomatic advanced-stage non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362:516–522
  99. Brice P, Bastion Y, Lepage E, Brousse N, Haioun C, Moreau P, et al. Comparison in low-tumor-burden follicular lymphomas between an initial no-treatment policy, prednimustine, or interferon alfa: a randomized study from the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes Folliculaires. Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:1110–1117
  100. Hiddemann W, Kneba M, Dreyling M, Schmitz N, Lengfelder E, Schmits R, et al. Frontline therapy with rituximab added to the combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) significantly improves the outcome for patients with advanced-stage follicular lymphoma compared with therapy with CHOP alone: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood. 2005;106:3725–3732
  101. Marcus R, Imrie K, Belch A, Cunningham D, Flores E, Catalano J, et al. CVP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CVP as first-line treatment for advanced follicular lymphoma. Blood. 2005;105:1417–1423
  102. Vidal L, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L, Dreyling M, Ghielmini M, Hsu Schmitz SF, et al. Rituximab maintenance for the treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:248–255
  103. Hainsworth JD, Litchy S, Shaffer DW, Lackey VL, Grimaldi M, Greco FA. Maximizing therapeutic benefit of rituximab: maintenance therapy versus re-treatment at progression in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma—a randomized phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1088–1095
  104. van Oers MH, Klasa R, Marcus RE, Wolf M, Kimby E, Gascoyne RD, et al. Rituximab maintenance improves clinical outcome of relapsed/resistant follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients both with and without rituximab during induction: results of a prospective randomized phase 3 intergroup trial. Blood. 2006;108:3295–3301
  105. Lenz G, Dreyling M, Schiegnitz E, Forstpointner R, Wandt H, Freund M, et al. Myeloablative radiochemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in first remission prolongs progression-free survival in follicular lymphoma: results of a prospective, randomized trial of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood. 2004;104:2667–2674
  106. Rohatiner AZ, Nadler L, Davies AJ, Apostolidis J, Neuberg D, Matthews J, et al. Myeloablative therapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation for follicular lymphoma at the time of second or subsequent remission: long-term follow-up. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:2554–2559
  107. Freedman AS, Gribben JG, Neuberg D, Mauch P, Soiffer RJ, Anderson KC, et al. High-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with follicular lymphoma during first remission. Blood. 1996;88:2780–2786
  108. Gyan E, Foussard C, Bertrand P, Michenet P, Le Gouill S, Berthou C, et al. High-dose therapy followed by autologous purged stem cell transplantation and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced follicular lymphoma: a randomized multicenter study by the GOELAMS with final results after a median follow-up of 9 years. Blood. 2009;113:995–1001
  109. Sebban C, Mounier N, Brousse N, Belanger C, Brice P, Haioun C, et al. Standard chemotherapy with interferon compared with CHOP followed by high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in untreated patients with advanced follicular lymphoma: the GELF-94 randomized study from the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA). Blood. 2006;108:2540–2544
  110. Kornacker M, Stumm J, Pott C, Dietrich S, Sussmilch S, Hensel M, et al. Characteristics of relapse after autologous stem-cell transplantation for follicular lymphoma: a long-term follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2009;20:722–728
  111. van Besien K, Loberiza FR, Bajorunaite R, Armitage JO, Bashey A, Burns LJ, et al. Comparison of autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for follicular lymphoma. Blood. 2003;102:3521–3529
  112. Hosing C, Saliba RM, McLaughlin P, Andersson B, Rodriguez MA, Fayad L, et al. Long-term results favor allogeneic over autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with refractory or recurrent indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2003;14:737–744
  113. Toze CL, Barnett MJ, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD, Voss NJ, Nantel SH, et al. Long-term disease-free survival of patients with advanced follicular lymphoma after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol. 2004;127:311–321
  114. Khouri IF, McLaughlin P, Saliba RM, Hosing C, Korbling M, Lee MS, et al. Eight-year experience with allogeneic stem cell transplantation for relapsed follicular lymphoma after nonmyeloablative conditioning with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab. Blood. 2008;111:5530–5536
  115. Borowitz MJ, Chan JK. T Lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma. Vol 4. Lyon: IARC; 2008;
  116. Lin P, Jones D, Dorfman DM, Medeiros LJ. Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma: a predominantly extranodal tumor with low propensity for leukemic involvement. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24:1480–1490
  117. Graux C, Cools J, Michaux L, Vandenberghe P, Hagemeijer A. Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: from thymocyte to lymphoblast. Leukemia. 2006;20:1496–1510
  118. Thomas DA, Kantarjian HM. Lymphoblastic lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2001;15:51–95
  119. Reddy KS, Perkins SL. Advances in the diagnostic approach to childhood lymphoblastic malignant neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;122:Suppl:S3-18
  120. Dahl GV, Rivera G, Pui CH, Mirro J, Ochs J, Kalwinsky DK, et al. A novel treatment of childhood lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: early and intermittent use of teniposide plus cytarabine. Blood. 1985;66:1110–1114
  121. Coleman CN, Picozzi VJ, Cox RS, McWhirter K, Weiss LM, Cohen JR, et al. Treatment of lymphoblastic lymphoma in adults. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4:1628–1637
  122. Anderson JR, Wilson JF, Jenkin DT, Meadows AT, Kersey J, Chilcote RR, et al. Childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The results of a randomized therapeutic trial comparing a 4-drug regimen (COMP) with a 10-drug regimen (LSA2-L2). N Engl J Med. 1983;308:559–565
  123. Weinstein HJ, Cassady JR, Levey R. Long-term results of the APO protocol (vincristine, doxorubicin [Adriamycin], and prednisone) for treatment of mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1983;1:537–541
  124. Anderson JR, Wilson JF, Jenkin DT, Meadows AT, Kersey J, Chilcote RR, et al. Lymphoblastic lymphoma in children—a randomized trial comparing LSA2-L2 with the A-COP+ therapeutic regimen: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1988;6:26–33
  125. Morel P, Lepage E, Brice P, Dupriez B, D'Agay MF, Fenaux P, et al. Prognosis and treatment of lymphoblastic lymphoma in adults: a report on 80 patients. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10:1078–1085
  126. Anderson JR, Jenkin RD, Wilson JF, Kjeldsberg CR, Sposto R, Chilcote RR, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with COMP or LSA2L2 therapy for childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a report of CCG-551 from the Childrens Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1024–1032
  127. Tubergen DG, Krailo MD, Meadows AT, Rosenstock J, Kadin M, Morse M, et al. Comparison of treatment regimens for pediatric lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a Childrens Cancer Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:1368–1376
  128. Mora J, Filippa DA, Qin J, Wollner N. Lymphoblastic lymphoma of childhood and the LSA2-L2 protocol: the 30-year experience at Memorial-Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Cancer. 2003;98:1283–1291
  129. Thomas DA, O'Brien S, Cortes J, Giles FJ, Faderl S, Verstovsek S, et al. Outcome with the hyper-CVAD regimens in lymphoblastic lymphoma. Blood. 2004;104:1624–1630
  130. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Ludwig WD, Tiemann M, Parwaresch R, Zimmermann M, et al. Intensive ALL-type therapy without local radiotherapy provides a 90% event-free survival for children with T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma: a BFM group report. Blood. 2000;95:416–421
  131. Burkhardt B, Woessmann W, Zimmermann M, Kontny U, Vormoor J, Doerffel W, et al. Impact of cranial radiotherapy on central nervous system prophylaxis in children and adolescents with central nervous system-negative stage III or IV lymphoblastic lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:491–499
  132. Nachman J, Sather HN, Cherlow JM, Sensel MG, Gaynon PS, Lukens JN, et al. Response of children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with and without cranial irradiation: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:920–930
  133. Abromowitch M, Termuhlen A, Chang M, Perkins SL, Gross T, Weinstein HJ, et al. High-dose methotrexate and early intensification of therapy do not improve 3 year EFS in children and adolescents with disseminated lymphoblastic lymphoma. Results of the randomized arms of COG A5971 [abstract]. Blood. 2008;112:3610a
  134. Hoelzer D, Gokbuget N, Digel W, Faak T, Kneba M, Reutzel R, et al. Outcome of adult patients with T-lymphoblastic lymphoma treated according to protocols for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2002;99:4379–4385
  135. Zinzani PL, Bendandi M, Visani G, Gherlinzoni F, Frezza G, Merla E, et al. Adult lymphoblastic lymphoma: clinical features and prognostic factors in 53 patients. Leuk Lymphoma. 1996;23:577–582
  136. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Parwaresch R, Henze G, Muller-Weihrich S, Sauter S, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of childhood and adolescence: results of a treatment stratified for biologic subtypes and stage—a report of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster group. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:359–372
  137. Stein H, Mason DY, Gerdes J, O'Connor N, Wainscoat J, Pallesen G, et al. The expression of the Hodgkin's disease associated antigen Ki-1 in reactive and neoplastic lymphoid tissue: evidence that Reed-Sternberg cells and histiocytic malignancies are derived from activated lymphoid cells. Blood. 1985;66:848–858
  138. Falini B, Pileri S, Zinzani PL, Carbone A, Zagonel V, Wolf-Peeters C, et al. ALK+ lymphoma: clinico-pathological findings and outcome. Blood. 1999;93:2697–2706
  139. Delsol G, Falini B, Muller-Hermelink HK, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Gascoyne RD, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), ALK-positive. In:  Swerdlow SH,  Campo E,  Harris NL,  Jaffe ES,  Pileri S,  Stein H, et al. editor. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 4th ed.. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2008;p. 312–316
  140. Mason DY, Harris NL, Delsol G, Stein H, Campo E, Kinney MC, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative. In:  Swerdlow SH,  Campo E,  Harris NL, et al. editor. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 4th ed.. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2008;p. 317–319
  141. Ralfkiaer E, Willemze R, Paulli M, Kadin ME. Primary cutaneous CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. In:  Swerdlow SH,  Campo E,  Harris NL,  Jaffe ES,  Pileri S,  Stein H, et al. editor. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 4th ed.. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2008;p. 300–301
  142. Falini B. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: pathological, molecular and clinical features. Br J Haematol. 2001;114:741–760
  143. Sandlund JT, Pui CH, Roberts WM, Santana VM, Morris SW, Berard CW, et al. Clinicopathologic features and treatment outcome of children with large-cell lymphoma and the t(2;5)(p23;q35). Blood. 1994;84:2467–2471
  144. Savage KJ, Harris NL, Vose JM, Ullrich F, Jaffe ES, Connors JM, et al. ALK- anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is clinically and immunophenotypically different from both ALK+ ALCL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: report from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. Blood. 2008;111:5496–5504
  145. Kaneko Y, Frizzera G, Edamura S, Maseki N, Sakurai M, Komada Y, et al. A novel translocation, t(2;5)(p23;q35), in childhood phagocytic large T-cell lymphoma mimicking malignant histiocytosis. Blood. 1989;73:806–813
  146. Rimokh R, Magaud JP, Berger F, Samarut J, Coiffier B, Germain D, et al. A translocation involving a specific breakpoint (q35) on chromosome 5 is characteristic of anaplastic large cell lymphoma ('Ki-1 lymphoma'). Br J Haematol. 1989;71:31–36
  147. Rimokh R, Magaud JP, Berger F, Samarut J, Coiffier B, Germain D, et al. CD30-positive large cell lymphomas ('Ki-1 lymphoma') are associated with a chromosomal translocation involving 5q35. Br J Haematol. 1990;74:161–168
  148. Morris SW, Kirstein MN, Valentine MB, Dittmer KG, Shapiro DN, Saltman DL, et al. Fusion of a kinase gene, ALK, to a nucleolar protein gene, NPM, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Science. 1994;263:1281–1284
  149. Falini B, Pulford K, Pucciarini A, Carbone A, De Wolf-Peeters C, Cordell J, et al. Lymphomas expressing ALK fusion protein(s) other than NPM-ALK. Blood. 1999;94:3509–3515
  150. Salzburg J, Burkhardt B, Zimmermann M, Wachowski O, Woessmann W, Oschlies I, et al. Prevalence, clinical pattern, and outcome of CNS involvement in childhood and adolescent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma differ by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma subtype: a Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster group report. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3915–3922
  151. Gascoyne RD, Aoun P, Wu D, Chhanabhai M, Skinnider BF, Greiner TC, et al. Prognostic significance of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein expression in adults with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood. 1999;93:3913–3921
  152. Williams DM, Hobson R, Imeson J, Gerrard M, McCarthy K, Pinkerton CR. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma in childhood: analysis of 72 patients treated on The United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group chemotherapy regimens. Br J Haematol. 2002;117:812–820
  153. Le Deley MC, Reiter A, Williams D, Delsol G, Oschlies I, McCarthy K, et al. Prognostic factors in childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma: results of a large European intergroup study. Blood. 2008;111:1560–1566
  154. Brugieres L, Quartier P, Le Deley MC, Pacquement H, Perel Y, Bergeron C, et al. Relapses of childhood anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: treatment results in a series of 41 children—a report from the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. Ann Oncol. 2000;11:53–58
  155. Cesaro S, Pillon M, Visintin G, Putti MC, Gazzola MV, D'Amore E, et al. Unrelated bone marrow transplantation for high-risk anaplastic large cell lymphoma in pediatric patients: a single center case series. Eur J Haematol. 2005;75:22–26
  156. Woessmann W, Peters C, Lenhard M, Burkhardt B, Sykora KW, Dilloo D, et al. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory anaplastic large cell lymphoma of children and adolescents—a Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster group report. Br J Haematol. 2006;133:176–182
  157. Armitage J, Vose J, Weisenburger D. International peripheral T-cell and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma study: pathology findings and clinical outcomes. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4124–4130
  158. Tomaszewski MM, Moad JC, Lupton GP. Primary cutaneous Ki-1(CD30) positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma in childhood. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:857–861
  159. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Tiemann M, Parwaresch R, Zimmermann M, Yakisan E, et al. Successful treatment strategy for Ki-1 anaplastic large-cell lymphoma of childhood: a prospective analysis of 62 patients enrolled in three consecutive Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster group studies. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:899–908
  160. Seidemann K, Tiemann M, Schrappe M, Yakisan E, Simonitsch I, Janka-Schaub G, et al. Short-pulse B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma-type chemotherapy is efficacious treatment for pediatric anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a report of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster group trial NHL-BFM 90. Blood. 2001;97:3699–3706
  161. Brugieres L, Deley MC, Pacquement H, Meguerian-Bedoyan Z, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Robert A, et al. CD30(+) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in children: analysis of 82 patients enrolled in two consecutive studies of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. Blood. 1998;92:3591–3598
  162. Mora J, Filippa DA, Thaler HT, Polyak T, Cranor ML, Wollner N. Large cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of childhood: analysis of 78 consecutive patients enrolled in 2 consecutive protocols at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Cancer. 2000;88:186–197
  163. Rosolen A, Pillon M, Garaventa A, Burnelli R, d'Amore ES, Giuliano M, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma treated with a leukemia-like therapy: report of the Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (AIEOP) LNH-92 protocol. Cancer. 2005;104:2133–2140
  164. Laver JH, Mahmoud H, Pick TE, Hutchinson RE, Weinstein HJ, Schwenn M, et al. Results of a randomized phase III trial in children and adolescents with advanced stage diffuse large cell non Hodgkin's lymphoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Leuk Lymphoma. 2001;42:399–405
  165. Laver JH, Kraveka JM, Hutchison RE, Chang M, Kepner J, Schwenn M, et al. Advanced-stage large-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents: results of a randomized trial incorporating intermediate-dose methotrexate and high-dose cytarabine in the maintenance phase of the APO regimen: a Pediatric Oncology Group phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:541–547
  166. Lowe EJ, Sposto R, Perkins SL, Gross TG, Finlay J, Zwick D, et al. Intensive chemotherapy for systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma in children and adolescents: final results of Children's Cancer Group study 5941. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;52:335–339
  167. Le Deley MC, Rosolen A, Reiter A, Williams D, Horibe K, Wrobel G, et al. The impact of the association of vinblastine during induction chemotherapy and as maintenance treatment in children and adolescents with high-risk anaplastic large cell lymphoma: results of a randomized trial of the EICNHL group [abstract]. Blood. 2008;112:577
  168. Fanin R, Sperotto A, Silvestri F, Cerno M, Geromin A, Stocchi R, et al. The therapy of primary adult systemic CD30-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma: results of 40 cases treated in a single center. Leuk Lymphoma. 1999;35:159–169
  169. Brugieres L, Le Deley MC, Rosolen A, Williams D, Horibe K, Wrobel G, et al. Impact of the methotrexate administration dose on the need for intrathecal treatment in children and adolescents with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: results of a randomized trial of the EICNHL group. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:897–903
  170. Devita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA. Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. In: Devita , Hellman , Rosenberg's  editor. Mature B-cell neoplasms. 8th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008;p. 2167–2181
  171. Lister TA, Crowther D, Sutcliffe SB, Glatstein E, Canellos GP, Young RC, et al. Report of a committee convened to discuss the evaluation and staging of patients with Hodgkin's disease: Cotswolds meeting. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:1630–1636
  172. Hasenclever D, Diehl V. A prognostic score for advanced Hodgkin's disease (International prognostic factors project on advanced Hodgkin's disease). N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1506–1514
  173. Henry-Amar M, Friedman S, Hayat M, Somers R, Meerwaldt JH, Carde P, et al. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate predicts early relapse and survival in early-stage Hodgkin disease (The EORTC Lymphoma Cooperative Group). Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:361–365
  174. Popperma S, Delsol G, Pileri S, Stein H, Swerdlow SH, Warnke R, et al. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. In:  Swerdlow SH,  Campo E,  Harris NL, et al. editor. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 4th ed.. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2008 323-5;
  175. Stamatoullas A, Picquenot JM, Dumesnil C, Ruminy P, Penther D, Bertrand P, et al. Conventional cytogenetics of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leukemia. 2007;21:2064–2067
  176. Re D, Zander T, Diehl V, Wolf J. Genetic instability in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2002;13:Suppl 1:19-22
  177. Joos S, Menz CK, Wrobel G, Siebert R, Gesk S, Ohl S, et al. Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by recurrent copy number gains of the short arm of chromosome 2. Blood. 2002;99:1381–1387
  178. Weber-Matthiesen K, Deerberg J, Poetsch M, Grote W, Schlegelberger B. Numerical chromosome aberrations are present within the CD30+ Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in 100% of analyzed cases of Hodgkin's disease. Blood. 1995;86:1464–1468
  179. Falzetti D, Crescenzi B, Matteuci C, Falini B, Martelli MF, Van Den Berghe H, et al. Genomic instability and recurrent breakpoints are main cytogenetic findings in Hodgkin's disease. Haematologica. 1999;84:298–305
  180. Sarris AH, Jhanwar SC, Cabanillas F. Cytogenetics of Hodgkin's disease. In:  Mausch PM,  Armitage JO,  Diehl V,  Hoppe RT,  Weiss LM editor. Hodgkin's disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999;p. 195–212
  181. Fonatsch C, Gradl G, Kolbus U, Rieder H, Tesch H. Chromosomal in situ hybridization of a Hodgkin's disease-derived cell line (L540) using DNA probes for TCRA, TCRB, MET, and rRNA. Hum Genet. 1990;84:427–434
  182. Brauninger A, Schmitz R, Bechtel D, Renne C, Hansmann ML, Kuppers R. Molecular biology of Hodgkin's and Reed/Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Int J Cancer. 2006;118:1853–1861
  183. Bargou RC, Emmerich F, Krappmann D, Bommert K, Mapara MY, Arnold W, et al. Constitutive nuclear factor-kappaB-RelA activation is required for proliferation and survival of Hodgkin's disease tumor cells. J Clin Invest. 1997;100:2961–2969
  184. Barth TFE, Joos S, Menz CK. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of classical Hodgkin's disease and of Hodgkin cell line [abstract P-062]. Leuk Lymphoma. 2001;42:Suppl 2:42
  185. Joos S, Barth TFE, Menz CK. Molecular cytogenetic subtyping of classical Hodgkin's disease [abstract P-063]. Leuk Lymphoma. 2001;42:Suppl 2:42
  186. Maritin-Subero JI, Riemke J, Hoppner I. Systemic molecular cytogenetic study of chromosomal loci encoding member of the REL/NF-kB and JAK/STAT pathways in classical Hodgkin lymphoma [abstract]. Eur J Haematol. 2004;73:10
  187. Carbone A, Gloghini A, Gaidano G, Franceschi S, Capello D, Drexler HG, et al. Expression status of BCL-6 and syndecan-1 identifies distinct histogenetic subtypes of Hodgkin's disease. Blood. 1998;92:2220–2228
  188. Seitz V, Hummel M, Anagnostopoulos I, Stein H. Analysis of BCL-6 mutations in classic Hodgkin disease of the B- and T-cell type. Blood. 2001;97:2401–2405
  189. Pallesen G, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Rowe M, Young LS. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus latent gene products in tumour cells of Hodgkin's disease. Lancet. 1991;337:320–322
  190. Niedobitek G, Kremmer E, Herbst H, Whitehead L, Dawson CW, Niedobitek E, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 2A in Hodgkin's disease and infectious mononucleosis. Blood. 1997;90:1664–1672
  191. Mason DY, Banks PM, Chan J, Cleary ML, Delsol G, de Wolf Peeters C, et al. Nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease (A distinct clinicopathological entity). Am J Surg Pathol. 1994;18:526–530
  192. Gires O, Zimber-Strobl U, Gonnella R, Ueffing M, Marschall G, Zeidler R, et al. Latent membrane protein 1 of Epstein-Barr virus mimics a constitutively active receptor molecule. EMBO J. 1997;16:6131–6140
  193. Staratschek-Jox A, Kotkowski S, Belge G, Rudiger T, Bullerdiek J, Diehl V, et al. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg cells : no evidence for the persistence of integrated viral fragments in latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1)-negative classical Hodgkin's disease. Am J Pathol. 2000;156:209–216
  194. Fruehling S, Lee SK, Herrold R, Frech B, Laux G, Kremmer E, et al. Identification of latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) domains essential for the LMP2A dominant-negative effect on B-lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin signal transduction. J Virol. 1996;70:6216–6226
  195. Keegan TH, Glaser SL, Clarke CA, Gulley ML, Craig EF, Digiuseppe JA, et al. Epstein-Barr virus as a marker of survival after Hodgkin's lymphoma: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7604–7613
  196. Claviez A, Tiemann M, Luders H, Krams M, Parwaresch R, Schellong G, et al. Impact of latent Epstein-Barr virus infection on outcome in children and adolescents with Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4048–4056
  197. Santoro A, Bonadonna G, Valagussa P, Zucali R, Viviani S, Villani F, et al. Long-term results of combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy approach in Hodgkin's disease: superiority of ABVD plus radiotherapy versus MOPP plus radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:27–37
  198. Engert A, Schiller P, Josting A, Herrmann R, Koch P, Sieber M, et al. Involved-field radiotherapy is equally effective and less toxic compared with extended-field radiotherapy after four cycles of chemotherapy in patients with early-stage unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: results of the HD8 trial of the German Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3601–3608
  199. Bonadonna G, Bonfante V, Viviani S, Di Russo A, Villani F, Valagussa P. ABVD plus subtotal nodal versus involved-field radiotherapy in early-stage Hodgkin's disease: long-term results. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2835–2841
  200. Laskar S, Gupta T, Vimal S, Muckaden MA, Saikia TK, Pai SK, et al. Consolidation radiation after complete remission in Hodgkin's disease following six cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy: is there a need?. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:62–68
  201. Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, Pearcey RG, Bezjak A, Wells WA, et al. Randomized comparison of ABVD chemotherapy with a strategy that includes radiation therapy in patients with limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4634–4642
  202. Engert A, Franklin J, Eich HT, Brillant C, Sehlen S, Cartoni C, et al. Two cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine plus extended-field radiotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in early favorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final results of the GHSG HD7 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3495–3502
  203. Ferme C, Eghbali H, Meerwaldt JH, Rieux C, Bosq J, Berger F, et al. Chemotherapy plus involved-field radiation in early-stage Hodgkin's disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1916–1927
  204. Bartlett NL, Rosenberg SA, Hoppe RT, Hancock SL, Horning SJ. Brief chemotherapy, Stanford V, and adjuvant radiotherapy for bulky or advanced-stage Hodgkin's disease: a preliminary report. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:1080–1088
  205. Horning SJ, Rosenberg SA, Hoppe RT. Brief chemotherapy (Stanford V) and adjuvant radiotherapy for bulky or advanced Hodgkin's disease: an update. Ann Oncol. 1996;7:Suppl 4:105-8
  206. Horning SJ, Williams J, Bartlett NL, Bennett JM, Hoppe RT, Neuberg D, et al. Assessment of the Stanford V regimen and consolidative radiotherapy for bulky and advanced Hodgkin's disease: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group pilot study E1492. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:972–980
  207. Horning SJ, Hoppe RT, Breslin S, Bartlett NL, Brown BW, Rosenberg SA. Stanford V and radiotherapy for locally extensive and advanced Hodgkin's disease: mature results of a prospective clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:630–637
  208. Lohri A, Barnett M, Fairey RN, O'Reilly SE, Phillips GL, Reece D, et al. Outcome of treatment of first relapse of Hodgkin's disease after primary chemotherapy: identification of risk factors from the British Columbia experience 1970 to 1988. Blood. 1991;77:2292–2298
  209. Sweetenham JW, Taghipour G, Milligan D, Blystad AK, Caballero D, Fassas A, et al. High-dose therapy and autologous stem cell rescue for patients with Hodgkin's disease in first relapse after chemotherapy: results from the EBMT. Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1997;20:745–752
  210. Schmitz N, Pfistner B, Sextro M, Sieber M, Carella AM, Haenel M, et al. Aggressive conventional chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for relapsed chemosensitive Hodgkin's disease: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:2065–2071
  211. Linch DC, Winfield D, Goldstone AH, Moir D, Hancock B, McMillan A, et al. Dose intensification with autologous bone-marrow transplantation in relapsed and resistant Hodgkin's disease: results of a BNLI randomised trial. Lancet. 1993;341:1051–1054
  212. Moskowitz CH, Nimer SD, Zelenetz AD, Trippett T, Hedrick EE, Filippa DA, et al. A 2-step comprehensive high-dose chemoradiotherapy second-line program for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin disease: analysis by intent to treat and development of a prognostic model. Blood. 2001;97:616–623
  213. Takenaka T, Mikuni C, Miura A, Sasaki T, Suzuki H, Hotta T, et al. Alternating combination chemotherapy C-MOPP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone) and ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) in clinical stage II-IV Hodgkin's disease: a multicenter phase II study (JCOG 8905). The Lymphoma Study Group of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2000;30:146–152
  214. Josting A, Rudolph C, Reiser M, Mapara M, Sieber M, Kirchner HH, et al. Time-intensified dexamethasone/cisplatin/cytarabine: an effective salvage therapy with low toxicity in patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol. 2002;13:1628–1635
  215. ChlVPP therapy for Hodgkin's disease: experience of 960 patients (The International ChlVPP Treatment Group). Ann Oncol. 1995;6:167–172
  216. Aparicio J, Segura A, Garcera S, Oltra A, Santaballa A, Yuste A, et al. ESHAP is an active regimen for relapsing Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol. 1999;10:593–595
  217. Bartlett NL, Niedzwiecki D, Johnson JL, Friedberg JW, Johnson KB, van Besien K, et al. Gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (GVD), a salvage regimen in relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma: CALGB 59804. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:1071–1079
  218. Santoro A, Magagnoli M, Spina M, Pinotti G, Siracusano L, Michieli M, et al. Ifosfamide, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine: a new induction regimen for refractory and relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma. Haematologica. 2007;92:35–41
  219. Colwill R, Crump M, Couture F, Danish R, Stewart AK, Sutton DM, et al. Mini-BEAM as salvage therapy for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's disease before intensive therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:396–402
  220. Ferme C, Bastion Y, Lepage E, Berger F, Brice P, Morel P, et al. The MINE regimen as intensive salvage chemotherapy for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol. 1995;6:543–549
  221. Phillips JK, Spearing RL, Davies JM, Hay CR, Parry H, Nash JR, et al. VIM-D salvage chemotherapy in Hodgkin's disease. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;27:161–163
  222. Josting A, Nogova L, Franklin J, Glossmann JP, Eich HT, Sieber M, et al. Salvage radiotherapy in patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma: a retrospective analysis from the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1522–1529
  223. Gehan EA, Sullivan MP, Fuller LM, Johnston J, Kennedy P, Fryer C, et al. The intergroup Hodgkin's disease in children (A study of stages I and II). Cancer. 1990;65:1429–1437
  224. Sullivan MP, Fuller LM, Berard C, Ternberg J, Cantor AB, Leventhal BG. Comparative effectiveness of two combined modality regimens in the treatment of surgical stage III Hodgkin's disease in children (An 8-year follow-up study by the Pediatric Oncology Group). Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1991;13:450–458
  225. Oberlin O, Leverger G, Pacquement H, Raquin MA, Chompret A, Habrand JL, et al. Low-dose radiation therapy and reduced chemotherapy in childhood Hodgkin's disease: the experience of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10:1602–1608
  226. Weiner MA, Leventhal B, Brecher ML, Marcus RB, Cantor A, Gieser PW, et al. Randomized study of intensive MOPP-ABVD with or without low-dose total-nodal radiation therapy in the treatment of stages IIB, IIIA2, IIIB, and IV Hodgkin's disease in pediatric patients: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:2769–2779
  227. Hutchinson RJ, Fryer CJ, Davis PC, Nachman J, Krailo MD, O'Brien RT, et al. MOPP or radiation in addition to ABVD in the treatment of pathologically staged advanced Hodgkin's disease in children: results of the Children's Cancer Group Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:897–906
  228. Nachman JB, Sposto R, Herzog P, Gilchrist GS, Wolden SL, Thomson J, et al. Randomized comparison of low-dose involved-field radiotherapy and no radiotherapy for children with Hodgkin's disease who achieve a complete response to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:3765–3771
  229. Kelly KM, Hutchinson RJ, Sposto R, Weiner MA, Lones MA, Perkins SL, et al. Feasibility of upfront dose-intensive chemotherapy in children with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: preliminary results from the Children's Cancer Group Study CCG-59704. Ann Oncol. 2002;13:Suppl 1:107-11
  230. Kung FH, Schwartz CL, Ferree CR, London WB, Ternberg JL, Behm FG, et al. POG 8625: a randomized trial comparing chemotherapy with chemoradiotherapy for children and adolescents with stages I, IIA, IIIA1 Hodgkin disease: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006;28:362–368
  231. Donaldson SS, Link MP, Weinstein HJ, Rai SN, Brain S, Billett AL, et al. Final results of a prospective clinical trial with VAMP and low-dose involved-field radiation for children with low-risk Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:332–337
  232. Yung L, Smith P, Hancock BW, Hoskin P, Gilson D, Vernon C, et al. Long term outcome in adolescents with Hodgkin's lymphoma: poor results using regimens designed for adults. Leuk Lymphoma. 2004;45:1579–1585
  233. Foltz LM, Song KW, Connors JM. Hodgkin's lymphoma in adolescents. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2520–2526
  234. Hancock SL, Donaldson SS, Hoppe RT. Cardiac disease following treatment of Hodgkin's disease in children and adolescents. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1208–1215
  235. Adams MJ, Lipsitz SR, Colan SD, Tarbell NJ, Treves ST, Diller L, et al. Cardiovascular status in long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease treated with chest radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3139–3148
  236. Aleman BM, van den Belt-Dusebout AW, De Bruin ML, van 't Veer MB, Baaijens MH, de Boer JP, et al. Late cardiotoxicity after treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2007;109:1878–1886
  237. van Leeuwen FE, Klokman WJ, Hagenbeek A, Noyon R, van den Belt-Dusebout AW, van Kerkhoff EH, et al. Second cancer risk following Hodgkin's disease: a 20-year follow-up study. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:312–325
  238. Mauch PM, Kalish LA, Marcus KC, Coleman CM, Shulman LN, Krill E, et al. Second malignancies after treatment for laparotomy staged IA-IIIB Hodgkin's disease: long-term analysis of risk factors and outcome. Blood. 1996;87:3625–3632
  239. Metayer C, Lynch CF, Clarke EA, Glimelius B, Storm H, Pukkala E, et al. Second cancers among long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:2435–2443

 Supported by a Lance Armstrong Adolescent and Young Adult Project Grant.

PII: S0093-7754(09)00144-4

doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2009.07.009

Seminars in Oncology
Volume 36, Issue 5 , Pages 381-418 , October 2009