Lung cancer in womenHuman Papilloma Virus and Female Lung Adenocarcinoma
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Human Papillomavirus
To date, more than 200 HPV subtypes have been identified. HPV is a circular double-strand DNA lasting for 8 kilobase pairs and containing three main regions: early (E genes), late (L genes), and the long control region (LCR).40 E1 and E2 proteins modulate viral replication and transcription. The function of E3 protein is not clear and it is present in only a few HPVs.40 E4 binds to cytoskeletal protein40 and manages the maturation and replication of the virus.41 The E4 protein also interacts
Postulated Mechanisms of HPV Infection and Lung Adenocarcinoma
Previous studies have shown that HPV infection may be a risk factor of lung adenocarcinoma, which is more prevalent among nonsmokers. Two possible transmission routes establish the link between HPV infection and the risk of lung adenocarcinoma (Figure 1). To unravel the etiology of lung adenocarcinoma among females, it is important to elucidate how HPV is transmitted into the lung. Two major transmission pathways are discussed below.
Molecular Approaches for Detecting HPV
Several techniques have been developed and applied to detect the existence of HPV DNA in human biospecimens. These techniques mainly fall into two categories: direct hybridization and PCR amplification methods, and are tabulated in Table 1.
Conclusions
HPV is difficult to culture in vitro. Due to its weak systemic antigenicity, serological testing is insensitive and nonspecific for HPV detection. Current techniques for HPV identification rely on the detection of its DNA. Therefore, hybridization and PCR-based techniques have been used to detect the existence of HPV and its subtypes. The hybridization approach has the limitations of low sensitivity, is time-consuming, and requires a large amount of DNA samples. In contrast, the PCR-based
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Cited by (29)
Lung cancer in women
2014, Revue des Maladies Respiratoires ActualitesUp-Regulation of FOXM1 by E6 Oncoprotein through the MZF1/NKX2-1 Axis Is Required for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Tumorigenesis
2014, Neoplasia (United States)Citation Excerpt :The association of HPV infection with cervical and oral cavity cancers has been documented [1–4]; however, the association between HPV infection and lung cancer is still debated [25–27]. The involvement of HPV infection in Taiwanese lung tumorigenesis has been extensively studied [5–7], although the negative correlation between HPV infection and lung cancer has been reported elsewhere [25–27]. Therefore, the geographic variation has been considered to explain the difference in the association between HPV infection and lung cancer.
Women and Lung Cancer: What is New?
2013, Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryRisk of second primary malignancies in women with cervical cancer: A population-based study in Taiwan over a 30-year period
2012, Gynecologic OncologyCitation Excerpt :Our findings are similar to previous reports, confirming that the risk of developing second HPV-related cancers among cervical cancer survivors was much higher than the general female population [8]. The increased risk of HPV-related cancers may be through two major transmission pathways from the genital tract: blood circulation and sexual contact [29]. Through Taiwanese studies, detection of HPV mRNA or DNA in the peripheral blood of patients with cervical cancer [30,31] and patients with lung cancer [32] has been reported.